Hand Model of 5 Kingdoms

Thumb

Pinky

Ring Finger

Middle

Pointer

*Unique Characteristics

Thumb: Monera- Prokaryotes

Pinky: Protista- Not like anything else

Ring Finger: Fungi- Heterotrophic by absorption

Middle: Plants- Photosynthesis/ Autotrophic

Pointer: Animalia- Heterotrophic by Ingestion

Problem with Humans

zoocentric-

anthropocentric-

Ladder of life is ___.

Problem with Humans

zoocentric- animal centered

anthropocentric- human centered

Ladder of life is BS.

General Characteristics of Animals

1. ___karyotic

2. Heterotrophic by________

3. _____cellular

4. They do things: _____
5.Sexual Lifecycle is _______

6. Great diversity of ______ and ______

7. Majority of animals live in  ______ _____ _____

8. Only animals can ______.

1. Eukaryotic

2. ingestion

3. multicellular

4. behave

5. diploid

6. form and size

7. shallow salt water

8. fly

Problems of Existence

1. process nutrients to yield energy and body building materials

Functions:

2. regulate internal environment of body

Functions:

3. integrate and coordinate their activities (internal and external) Functions

4. Reproduce

1. feeding, digestion, respiration, circulation

2. water balance, excretion of toxic substances

3. nervous system/ sensory organs, endocrine system

The known animal phyla

worms= ? % and fraction

total estimate of species:

true estimate:

invertebrates percent:

worms= 39% and 13/33

total estimate of species: 1,290,000

true estimate: 10,000,000

invertebrates percent: 96%

Absolute success:

Relative success:

invertebrate-

vertebrate-

Absolute success: all species are successful because they are survivors

Relative success: major 9 phyla because largest number of species, wide geographic distribution, occupy many different habitats

invertebrate- without a back bone

vertebrate-backbone, mostly cordates

Diploid Sexual Lifecycle

-gametes produced by _________ only in animals

- diploid lifecycle b/c:

Reasons for studying Animal Development

1.

2. details of development provide

Diploid Sexual Lifecycle

-gametes produced by meiosis only in animals

- diploid lifecycle b/c: meiosis occurs on diploid side

Reasons for studying Animal Development

1. It's cool

2. details of development provide important info for determining the relationship of animal phyla

Gametes

Egg function:

Sperm function:

Gametes

Egg function: stored food in cytoplasm: yolk, not motile

Sperm function: lots smaller than egg, very little cytoplasm, motile (flagellete)

Function: to activate the egg

Once the sperm enters

two things happen:

1. syngamy

2.becomes a zygote

-hollow ball, fluid filled

- an embryo composed of a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid filled space

-individual cells are getting smaller

vegetal hemisphere:

*yolk

animal hemispere:

vegetal hemisphere: cells are bigger, more food on this side

*yolk is thick and viscous (difficult for mitosis)

animal hemisphere: the other side

*both sides develop into the embryo

Gastrulation (unique to animals)

morphogenetic movements of cells, embryo is changing shape

invagination: cells move inward

archenteron-

blastopore-

ectoderm-

endoderm-

archenteron- will develop the gut

blastopore- the opening

ectoderm- outer cell layer

endoderm- inner cell layer

Mesoderm and Coelom Formation

mesoderm-

coelom-

deuterostome (echinodermata & chordata):

fate of the blastopore:

protostome (annelida, arthropoda, mollusca):

fate of the blastopore

mesoderm- middle cell layer

coelom- body cavity; internal space

deuterostome second embryonic opening (echinodermata & chordata): mouth

fate of the blastopore: gut/anus

protostome second embryonic opening

(annelida, arthropoda, mollusca): gut/anus

fate of the blastopore: mouth

Characteristics of egg activation

1. fast-block polyspermy

2. slow-block polyspermy

1. fast-block polyspermy

-electrical change in teh egg plasma membrane

- repels other sperm ~ 2 seconds

2. slow-block polyspermy

-vitelline membrane physically stops polysperm from entering~ 30-60 seconds.

-cortical reaction: H2O rushes in to push membranes away

cortex:

cortical granule:

cortex: outside

cortical granule: sperm stimulates them to discharge their contents between plasma membrane and vitelline membrane

Deuterostomes

2 phyla:

type of cleavage:

blastopore becomes:

larva fate if seperated:

Deuterostomes

2 phyla: echinodermata

type of cleavage: radial

blastopore becomes: anus

larva fate if seperated: normally grows

Protostomes

Blastopore fate:

Phylums:

larva fate if seperated:

type of cleavage:

Protostomes

Blastopore fate: becomes mouth

Phylums: Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca

larva fate if seperated: development arrested

type of cleavage: spiral cleavage

Pseudocoelomates

Phylum:

Top to break through:

Gut break through:

Pseudocoelomates

Phylum: Nematoda

Top to break through: mesoderm, ectoderm

Gut break through: endoderm

Acoelomate

Phylum:

Top:

Gut:

Acoelomate

Phylum: platyhelminthes

Top: cant

Gut: cant

Eucoelomate

Phylum:

top:

bottom:

Eucoelomate

Phylum: annelida, arthropoda, mollusca

top: ectoderm, mesoderm

bottom:endoderm, mesoderm

vitelline membrane

-physically stops ___________ from entering

-time

-physically stops polysperm from entering

-30-60 seconds

zygote: an ______ produced when two ________ combined into a _____ cell.

cleavage: the rapid series of _______ division that immediatly follows _________.

morula: an _______ at an _____ stage of embryonic development.

blastula: an embryo composed of a single _____ of cells surrounding a _____ space.

blastocoel: the ______ space.

zygote: an organism produced when two gametes combined into a single cell.

cleavage: the rapid series of mitotic division that immediatly follows fertilization.

morula: an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development.

blastula: an embryo composed of a single layer of cells surrounding a fluid space.

blastocoel: the fluid space.

archenteron: space that will develop the _____

endoderm: ______ layer, becomes the ____ and respitatory system

ectoderm: _____ layer, becomes:

mesoderm: _____ layer, becomes:

enterocoelic pouches: where the ______ forms pouches

vegetal hemisphere: cells are bigger because _____

animal hemisphere: both develop into ____

archenteron: space that will develop the gut

endoderm: inner layer, becomes the gut and respitatory system

ectoderm: outer layer, becomes: outer body systems (nervous, skin, hair)

mesoderm: middle layer, becomes: skeletal system, heart, blood

enterocoelic pouches: where the embryo forms pouches

vegetal hemisphere: cells are bigger because  more food is on this side

animal hemisphere: both develop into embryo

fate: what an _____ of a young ____ will become in an old embryo

capacity: what an ____ of a young _____ can do under ________ conditions.

Fate =/= capacity phylums:

fate = capacity phylums:

fate: what an area of a young embryo will become in an old embryo

capacity: what an area of a young embryo can do under experimental conditions.

Fate =/= capacity phylums: echinoderms and chordates

fate = capacity phylums: annelids, arthropods, and mollusks

stem cells have the potential to become a _____ _____

pluripotent- potential to become ____ ____ ___ _____, but don't have the same potential as _______ _____ _____ experiments.

adult stem cells:

stem cells have the potential to become a whole animal.

pluripotent- potential to become more than one thing, but don't have the same potential as embryonic stem cell experiments.

adult stem cells: embryonic stem cells

totipotent: total potential to become a ____ ____

type of cleavage:

occurs with what type of development:

other type of cleavage:

type of development:

totipotent: total potential to become a whole animal

type of cleavage: radial cleavage

occurs with what type of development: regulative or indeterminate

other type of cleavage: spiral cleavage

type of development: mosaic or determinate

A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis is called the ______.

Notochord becomes the _____.

Dorsal lip of blastopore establishes the longitudinal axis of the animal forming the  _____ system

A type of mesoderm that lies along the central axis is called the chordamesoderm.

Notochord becomes the spine.

Dorsal lip of blastopore establishes the longitudinal axis of the animal forming the  nervous system

When one group of cells causes another group of cells to differentiate- ________

neural groove becomes the _____ _____

Spemann-Mangold experiment aka ________ ______: a cell or tissue which sends _____ to other cells to instruct the _____ of these cells.

When one group of cells causes another group of cells to differentiate- induction

neural groove becomes the nervous system

Spemann-Mangold experiment aka embryonic induction: a cell or tissue which sends signals to other cells to instruct the fate of these cells.

anterior

posterior

ventral

dorsal

frontal plane/coronal plane

transverse plane

sagittal plane

anterior- front

posterior- back

ventral- bottom (belly)

dorsal- top (back)

frontal plane/coronal plane- divides dorsal and ventral

transverse plane- divides anterior adn posterior

sagittal plane- left and right

Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA): determines how ____ form.

less concentrated--> ______ limbs

sonic hedgehog: regulates the ____ of ____ and ______ of the brain

Zone of polarizing activity (ZPA): determines how digits form.

less concentrated--> malformed limbs

sonic hedgehog: regulates the growth of digits and organization of the brain

These genes control the placement and special organization of body parts.

_________ ________

A sequence of nucleotides (DNA) that produces amino acids that function to turn on/off genes

__________

These genes control the placement and special organization of body parts.

regulartory genes

A sequence of nucleotides (DNA) that produces amino acids that function to turn on/off genes

homeoboxes

Evolution is _____.

Charles Darwin's term of evolution:

"_____ with _____"

Evolution is fact.

Charles Darwin's term of evolution:

"descent with modification"

Perpetual Change:

The living world is always _______.

Evidence: ______

Common Descent:

All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a ______ of lineages.

Phylogeny: _____ _____

Evidence:

Perpetual Change:

The living world is always changing.

Evidence: fossils

Common Descent:

All forms of life descended from a common ancestor through a brances of lineages.

Phylogeny: family tree

Evidence: Comparative studies, all cells have same insides, DNA

Multiplication of species:

A single ______ can slit to produce two or more ______ tht become different from each other with time.

Gradualism:

Populations of organisms accumulate small ____ over very long periods of time.

phyletic transformation: _______ change; each population is different from generation to generation

Multiplication of species:

A single population can slit to produce two or more populations that become different from each other with time.

Gradualism:

Populations of organisms accumulate small changes over very long periods of time.

phyletic transformation: gradual change; each population is different from generation to generation

Small quantitive changes-

qualitative changes accumalate to produces species B

Small quantitive changes- gradualism

qualitative changes accumalate to produces species B

Natural Selection

The _____ that explains why orgainisms appear to be designed to meet the demands of their _____, which is a phenomenon called _____.

population: all the individuals of the _____ species in a particular _____

Natural Selection

The mechanism that explains why orgainisms appear to be designed to meet the demands of their environment, which is a phenomenon called adaptation.

population: all the individuals of the same species in a particular place.

Mendal knew ______.

Genes make individuals survive _____.

by

1. random-

2. not random-

3. ______ make up most of the generation

Mendal knew genes.

Genes make individuals survive better.

by

1. random- mutations

2. not random- reproduction and survival

3. Individuals make up most of the generation

Natural Selection-- a natural process that explains _________.

-______ does the selecting

-______ don't always survive

When faced with a changing environment, what option does a population have?

3.

Natural Selection-- a natural process that explains adaptions.

-environment does the selecting

-strongest don't always survive

When faced with a changing environment, what option does a population have?

-adapt/evolve

-extinction

-dispersal

Animals must be

1.

2.

3.

4.

Animals must be

1.small

2. thin in 1 d

3. be shaped in such a way to increase SA/V ratio

4. complex- special structures to facilitate diffusion

Cell Level Organization

Phylum:

Tissue Level of Organization

Phylum:

Organ Level of Organization

Phylums:

Cell Level Organization

Phylum: Porifera

Tissue Level of Organization

Phylum: Cnidaria

Organ Level of Organization

Phylums: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, echinodermata, cordata

To have a head, mouth, eyes, sensory structures.

Typical symmetry:

typical # of germ layers:

Sessile animals typical symmetry is:

typical # of germ layers:

To have a head, mouth, eyes, sensory structures.

Typical symmetry: bilateral

typical # of germ layers: three

triploblastic

Sessile animals typical symmetry is:

radial

typical # of germ layers: two

diploblastic

Porifera " to bear pores"

level of org:

habitats:

Number of species:

lifestyle:

size:

symmetry:

Porifera " to bear pores"

level of org: cell

habitats: aquatic

Number of species: 10 000

lifestyle: sessile

size: few mm to >1m

symmetry: asymmetrical or radial

Porifera

Cell layers:

Outer: composed of ________ "Plank cells"

Inner: composed of _________ "Funnel cells"

collar microvilli: _____like projects of plasma membrane

Function:

Porifera

Cell layers:

Outer: composed of pinococytes "Plank cells"

Inner: composed of choanocytes "Funnel cells"

collar microvilli: finger-like projects of plasma membrane

Function:filter, trap food

- each cell feeds for itself, digestion is intracellular "with in"

Porifera

ostium:

oscula:

H2O goes into the ______ an out the ______

Choanocytes function:

Porifera

ostium: smaller pores

oscula: large opening

H2O goes into the spongocoel an out the osculum

Choanocytes function:

move H2O to get food and oxygen, rid of CO2

Needle-like structures composed of CaCO3 or SiO2 are called:

embedded in _______

provides _____ and ______

fiberous protein; 90% of protein in human body is called ______

Needle-like structures composed of CaCO3 or SiO2 are called: spicules

embedded in mesoglea

provides protection and support

fiberous protein; 90% of protein in human body is called collagen

Asexual types of reproduction in Porifera

An outgrowth that detaches to become a new individual:

an encapsulated achaeocytes of sponge cells surrounded by a resistant covering:

-allows to be able to withstand _____ conditions

-typical ____ water

Asexual types of reproduction in Porifera

An outgrowth that detaches to become a new individual: budding

an encapsulated achaeocytes of sponge cells surrounded by a resistant covering:gemmules

-allows to be able to withstand harsh conditions

-typically fresh water

Phylum Cnidaria

Subkingdom:

Level of organization:

Habitats:

# of species:

symmetry:

# of germ layers:

unique cell type:

Phylum Cnidaria

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Level of organization: tissue

Habitats: aquatic, mostly marine

# of species: 9500

symmetry: radial

# of germ layers: two, diploblastic

unique cell type: cnidocyte *stinging nettle

Polyp and Medusa

1. Body shape

2. Oral surface direction

3. Motility?

4. Solitary or Colonial

5. Mesoglea thick or thin?

Polyp --and-- Medusa

1. tubular---umbrella

2. Oral surface up---down

3. sessile---motile: floats

4. Solitary or Colonial--- solitary

5. Mesoglea thin---thick

Unique cell type of Cnidaria are stinging cells called: _______

Occurence:

Structure:

Injects:

Function:

Unique cell type of Cnidaria are stinging cells called: Cniodocytes

Occurence: everywhere, more concentrated near tentecles

Structure: hollow with a stinging head, has a cover and a trigger

Injects: paralyzing neurotoxin

Function: to kill prey and protect against predators

What two stimuli are needed in order for the cnidocyte to activate/fire?

1.

2.

What two stimuli are needed in order for the cnidocyte to activate/fire?

1.touch

2. "I'm alive" chemical

No mesoderm means there is no _____!

Cnidaria eat _____ animals, they are ______.

Digestion begins _____ of cells aka _____cellular.

Phagocytosis is _____cellular.

No mesoderm means there are no muscles!

Cnidaria eat small animals, they are carnivores.

Digestion begins outside of cells aka extracellular.

Phagocytosis is intracellular.