Term
| What leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer usually contains more glycoproteins & glycolipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do membranes do to maintain fluidity? |
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Definition
-desaturate lipids
-exchange lipid chains |
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Term
| What will happen if cholesterol is added to a liquid crystal membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ill happen if cholesterol is added to a crystalline gel membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Particles diffuse long distances across membranes rapidly. |
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Definition
| False. Long-distance diffusion is slow |
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Term
| What are the four kinds of transport across a membrane? |
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Definition
Simple Diffusion
Channel Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport |
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Term
| The diffusion of oxygen across a membrane is related to what type of diffusion? |
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Definition
| Simple diffusion (uncharged particles) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of channel gates for diffusion? |
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Definition
| Voltage Channel, Ligand Channel & Mechano Channel |
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Term
| What does the voltage channel respond to? |
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Definition
| Changes in charge across a membrane. e.g. Cl- |
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Term
| What do ligand channels respond to? |
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Definition
| Specific particles/molecules binding to the channel |
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Term
| What to mechano channels respond to? |
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Definition
| Physical force on the membrane |
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Term
| How does facilitated diffusion work? |
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Definition
Molecule/particle binds to integral protein (facilitative transporter)
-transporter changes shape allowing compound to pass through
-this is passive! along the [%] gradient |
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Term
| How does active transport work? |
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Definition
-compound binds to integral protein, causing the transporter to change shape, allowing molecule to pass through
-this requires energy input & is slower |
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Term
| In the Na+/Ka+ ATPase transport channel, how many Na+ move to the extracellular space, and how many K+ enter the cell? |
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Definition
| 3 Na+ exit, 2 K+ enter creating an overal negative internal charge |
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Term
| What is the glycocalyx and what does it do? |
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Definition
Glycocalyx: groups of carbohydrates attached to proteins & lipids on outside of plasma mmb.
-mediates interactions with other cells & extracellular matrix
-acts as a barrier
-binds regulatory factors |
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|
Term
What is: an organized network of material produced & secreted by cells?
(serves as an attachment site, physical support for cells & contains regulatory factors) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Cells bind to ECM via integrins
-important for cell survival & cellular activities |
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix composed of? |
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Definition
| proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans |
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Term
| Where are porins found & what do they do? |
|
Definition
In mitochondrial membrane.
-large channels, allow ATP to permeate mmb when channels are open |
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Term
| What is created by the electron transfer chain & pumping of protons? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the ETC protons are pumped from where to where? |
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Definition
| mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space |
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Term
T or F
In oxidative phosphorylation, H+ ions diffuse across inner mitochondrial membrane via ATP synthase |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a sequence of events leading to the death of a cell? |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cell shrinks
-blebbing of plasma mmb
-fragmentation of DNA & nucleus
-loss of attachment to other cells
-engulfment by phagocytosis |
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|
Term
| What does the activation of caspase mean? |
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Definition
| Cell is now committed to apoptosis |
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Term
True or false
Vesicular transport from the ER to the Golgi is an example of endocytosis. |
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Definition
FALSE
this is exocytosis (forward direction, anterograde) |
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Term
| The endoplasmic reticulum membrane is continuous with what other membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false
In the ER, the lumen (interior) is joined with the cytosol |
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Definition
FALSE
lumen is separate from cytosol |
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Term
| Name 2 functions of the smooth ER |
|
Definition
-production of steroid hormones
-detoxification
-sequestration (storage) of Ca2+ |
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|
Term
| Name 3 functions of the rough ER |
|
Definition
-protein synthesis/modification/transport
-synthesis of mmb phospholipids
-glycosylation of proteins
-protein folding |
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|
Term
| Destruction & replacement of organelles, by lysosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an autophagolysosome |
|
Definition
| Lysosome fused with an ER-derived autophagic vacuole |
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|
Term
| What are lipofuscin granules |
|
Definition
| Retained residual body of an autophaged organelle |
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|
Term
| Two functions of lysosomes |
|
Definition
-autophagy
-degradation of internalized material |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name 2 functions of plant vacuoles |
|
Definition
-intracellular digestion (similar to lysosomes)
-storage (solutes, macromolecules, toxic compounds)
-mechanical support (turgor pressure) |
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Term
| Dynamic network of interconnected filaments & tubules, extends through cytosol & some organelles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name four functions of cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
-structural support
-intracellular transport
-contractility & motility
-spatial organization within cell |
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|
Term
| Largest cytoskeletal element |
|
Definition
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Term
| Highly organized, stable cytoskeletal element, part of structures involved with cell movement |
|
Definition
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Term
| Loosely organized, dynamic cytoskeletal element, in cytosol |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How are microtubules arranged? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fast growing end of a microtubule |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Slow growing end of a microtubule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid shrinkage at plus end of microtubule |
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|
Term
| Major site of microtubule formation organization in animal cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two classes of microtubule-associated motor proteins |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Control MT organization in cytosol |
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Definition
| non-motor microtuble-associated proteins (MAPs) |
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Term
| Generate force, using ATP, move material along MT track |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Minus-end directed motor protein |
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| Plus-end directed motor protein, distributes mito within a cell |
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Term
| How will mitochondrial distribution be affected if a cell is lacking kinesin? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondria are not well distrubuted, clustered together |
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Term
| Fibrous proteins with a central alpha-helical domain |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name 3 classes of intermediate filaments |
|
Definition
Keratin (epithelial cells)
Neurofilaments (neurons)
Lamins (nucleus) |
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|
Term
True or False
Assembled filaments are not polar; dimers associate anti-parallel |
|
Definition
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|
Term
True or False
Monomers of dimers are anti-parallel |
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Definition
| False, monomers of intermediate filaments are aligned in parallel. Dimers are polar molecules. |
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