Term
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Definition
-Cells are the basic units of organization and live in all living organisms
-All cells come from pre-existing cells
-All living cells evolved from common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of the lipid bilayer embedded with protein |
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Term
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Definition
-Forms from phospholips with water (due to phosphate head is hydrophilic and fatty acid tail is hydrophobic)
-Pass through: hydrophobic molecules, water. Not: ions |
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Term
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Definition
-Magnification: 1500-2000x
-Resolution: 0.2 um
-Dead or alive cells
-Orcein (protein) stains |
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Term
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Definition
-Magnification: 1,000,000c
-Resolution- 1um - 0.2um
-Dead cells only
-Sections/Surface cell |
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Term
| Biochemical Technique to Study Cells |
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Definition
| -Centrifuge: puts certain parts into pellets after time durations (nuclei, mitochondria, in small pellet : ER, Golgi, plasma membrane) |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Cell (example, size, characteristics, compnonents) |
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Definition
-Examples: Domain Bacteria and Archaea
-Size: 1-10um
-Lacks nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
-Cell wall: made of peptidoglycan (polymer of sugars and amino acids) |
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Term
| Eukaryotic Cells (example, size, characteristics, compnonents) |
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Definition
-Example: Domain Eukarya
-Size range: 10 - 100 um
-Contains Nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
System network of organelles involved in manufacturing/transporting materials/proteins
-nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles,
and vacuoles. |
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Term
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Definition
-Most prominent organelle, "cell brain"
-Surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores in it
-Has a nucleolus: site of ribose assembly
-Has chromatin/chromosomes |
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Term
| Nuclear Envelope/Pores Characterisits |
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Definition
Nuclear envelope is double membrane
-Pores regulate the passage of materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
-Inside the nucleus
-Duplicates through Replication
-Organized into units called genes |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA+histone proteins
-Condenses into chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
-Composed of membranes and lumen
-manufactures, processes, and transports a wide variety of biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
-Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates.
-In liver, enzymes help detoxify it
-An example: breaks down alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
-Membrane is bound with ribosomes
-Synthesis and manufacture proteins
-In pancreatic cells to help pancreas function/digest |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic environment within a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| aka Cell membrane: biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) + proteins
-Synthesized in the nucleolus
-Two types: free in the cytoplasm and membrane-bound ribosomes
-Fuction: protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-Components: membrane sacs called cisternae (cis face, trans face, media region).
-Receives materials from transport vesicles which bring molecules from the ER.
-Function: protein sorter and modification |
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Term
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Definition
-Small vesicles with digestive enzymes
-Two kinds: primary and secondary lysosomes
-Function rid of waste materials |
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Term
| Primary + Secondary Lysosomes |
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Definition
-Bud from golgi apparatus
-Synthesized in rough ER
-They swallow outside material to turn into secondary lysosomes |
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Term
| Examples of Lysosome malfunctions |
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Definition
Rheumatid Arthritis: Leaky Lysosomes
Tay-Sachs disease: mutation, hydrolytic enzyme is not functional |
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Term
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Definition
-Vesicles holding digestive enzymes
-Absorb nutrients and digest fatty acids and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized peroxisomes in oily seeds (e.g. peanuts) |
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Term
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Definition
-Water filled storage spaces in cells
-store food, collect waste products, and can help with cell shape and buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
-Surrounded by membrane called tonoplast
-90% of cell volume
-When they grow, turgor pressure: push plasma membrane against cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
-In plant cells only: acts as pressure vessel/prevents overexpansion when cells fillw ith water
Consists of: -Primary cell wall: cellulose -Secondary cell wall: lignin -In the middle lamella in primary cell wall: pectin (helps bind cells together) |
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Term
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Definition
Functions: aerobic respiration: converts energy into ATP (oxygen needed) and lets out waste
-Membrane bound and in most eukaryotic cells
-Not part of endomembrane system |
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Term
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Definition
-Only found in plant cells/not part of endomembrane system
-Helps process of photosynthesis by storing/capturing sunlight to produce glucose (food for the plant) |
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Term
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Definition
-Protein fibers that protect against wear and tear
-Microfilaments (muscle contractions), microtubules(determine cell shapes and form the spindle fibers which separate chromosomes during mitosis) and intermediate filaments (more strength) |
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Term
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Definition
-Whip-like appendages only on surface of eukaryotic cells and animal cells
-Function: move liquids past surface of the cells |
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Term
| Cilia and Flagella Differences |
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Definition
Cilia is hair-like, short and many
Flagella more whip-like and few. |
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Term
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
Network of non-living tissue that supports cell
-Have fibronectins (glycoproteins of the ECM) that bind to integrin and other receptors in the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| It transfers and carries genetic material from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the ribosome/cytoplasm for the manufacture of protein. |
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