Term
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Definition
the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication
takes about 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
the portion of the cell cycle between one mitotic phase and the next
includes the G1, S, and G2 phases
involves growth, preparation for division, or the fulfillment of specialized functions in the organism |
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Term
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Definition
the phase of the cell cycle that constitutes the first part of interphase before DNA synthesis and occurs after the mitotic phase
takes about 7-9 hours |
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Definition
the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated
takes about 6-8 hours |
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Term
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Definition
the phase of the cell cycle between synthesis of DNA and mitosis
the last stage of interphase
takes about 6-8 hours |
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Term
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Definition
the phase of the cell cycle during which a parent cell divides to create two genetically identical daughter cells
Mitosis makes up one half of the mitotic phase; cytokinesis makes up the other |
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Term
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Definition
The process of cell division to create two genetically identical daughter cells
includes prophase, metaphase, anapahse, and telophase |
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Term
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Definition
Division of the cytoplasm and organelles
one out of two parts of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle |
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Definition
the first stage of mitosis or meiosis
chromosomes condense into compact structures and become visible
spindle apparatus forms |
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Term
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Definition
| an array of microtubules responsible for pulling chromosomes to the poles of the cell and for pushing the poles of a cell away from each other during either mitosis or meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
the nucleolus of the cell disappears and the nuclear envelope disintegrates
kinectechore microtubules from each spindle apparatus attach to one of the two sister chromatids of each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a phase in mitosis and meiosis during which the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
a phase in mitosis and meiosis in which chromosomes are moved to the opposite ends of the cell
centromeres holding sister chromatids together split
sister chromatids are pulled apart, creating independent chromosomes
motor proteins pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell and push opposing poles of the cell away from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage in mitosis or meiosis in which sister chromatids separate and new nuclear envelopes begin to form around the daughter chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
Any type of cell in a multicellular organism except eggs, sperms, and their precursor cells
also called body cells |
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Definition
a haploid reproductive cell that can fuse together with another haploid cell to form a zygote
most common: egg and sperm cells |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the hereditary information in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
the paired strands of a recently replicated chromosome
connected at the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| constricted region of a replicated chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined and the kinectechore is located |
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Term
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Definition
| having one set of chromosomes (1n) |
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Term
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Definition
| having two sets of chromosomes (2n) |
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Term
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Definition
| any heritable characteristic of an individual |
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Definition
| chromosome associated with an individual's sex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content
also called homologs |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular version of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| the particular appearance of all the chromosomes in an individual, including the number of chromosomes and their length and banding patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure formed by synapsed homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis |
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Term
| Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| the concept that each pair of hereditary elements behaves independently of other genes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the observed effect of a genotype; a visible trate |
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Term
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Definition
all of the alleles of every gene present in a given individual
may refer specifically to a set of alleles under study |
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Term
| Hypothesis of Blending Inheritance |
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Definition
| offspring will have blended parent phenotypes |
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Term
| Hypothesis of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics |
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Definition
| through use, traits are modified and passed down to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| used for research because of practicality, and the conclusions drawn from studies on this organism can be applied to others |
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Term
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Definition
in plants, the fusion of two gametes from the same individual to form a diploid offspring
also called "selfing" |
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Term
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Definition
| mating that combines gametes from different individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals always have offspring identical to them |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of parents from two different strains, populations, or species |
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Term
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Definition
first filial
second generation
offspring of parent generation |
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Term
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Definition
second filial
third generation
offspring of F1 generation |
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Term
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Definition
both alleles for a gene are the same
(ie RR or rr) |
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Term
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Definition
the alleles for a gene are different
(ie Rr) |
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Term
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Definition
a breeding experiment in which the mother's and father's phenotypes are the reverse of those in the previous experiment
Mendel used reciprocal crosses to study the effects that gender had on heritable traits |
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Term
| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| the two members of each gene pair must separate into different gamete cells during the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents. As a result, each gamete contains one allele of each gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| inheritance pattern in which the heterozygote phenotype is a blend or combination of both homozygote phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the existence of more than two alleles of the same gene (normal in some species) |
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Term
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Definition
a gene that can affect more than one phenotypic trait
causes Marphan's syndrom |
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Term
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance |
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Definition
| basic principle in biology that states that genes are on the chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance pattersn |
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Term
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Definition
a molecule onsisting of a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribos), a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases.
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and ribose, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the sugar-phosphate backbone and the sequence of nitrogenous bases |
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Term
| DNA's secondary structure |
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Definition
consists of hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases
otherwise known as complementary base pairing |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the sugar phosphate backbone and the sequence of nitrogenous bases |
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Term
| RNA's secondary structure |
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Definition
| consists of hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases on the same strand of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs because of interactions that fold the RNA molecule |
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Term
| RNA's quarternary structure |
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Definition
| occurs because of interactions that hold different strands of RNA together |
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Term
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Definition
single-ringed nitrogenous bases including cytosine, uracil, and thymine
pair only with purines |
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Term
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Definition
double-ringed nitrogenous bases including guanine and adenine
pair only with pyrimidines |
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Term
| nucleotide polymerization |
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Definition
dNTPs (three phosphate groups)are added to nucleotide polymers in polymerization
phosphate group is linked to sugar
other two phosphates are released as pyrophosphates, which will eventually be hydrolyzed into inorganic phosphates
phosphodiester bonds are formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of the one next to it |
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Term
points of origin
(in DNA replication) |
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Definition
special sites where replication begins
proteins that initiate DNA replication recognize points of origin and bind, opening the DNA strands to make replication bubbles
prokaryotic cells have one replication bubble and eukaryotic cells have many |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that relaxes double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that separates strands and creates replication forks |
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Term
| single-strand DNA binding protins (SSBPs) |
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Definition
| proteins that stabilize/prevent double helix from reforming during replication |
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Term
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Definition
add complementary base pairs to each separated strand
cannot initiate without primers |
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Term
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Definition
| short RNA strands that attach at specific points |
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Term
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Definition
| source of energy-replication because of its three phosphate groups (like in ATP) |
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Term
| semiconservative molecule |
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Definition
| one strand of each new DNA molecule is from original DNA molecule (one strand is old, one is new) |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes errors of replication and fixes; "proofreads" replication |
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Term
| central dogma of molecular biology |
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Definition
long-accepted hypothesis that information in cells flows in one direction: DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins
exceptions are now known |
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Term
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Definition
the process by which RNA is made from a DNA template
takes place in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage during which ribosome orient reactants precisely as they bind at specific locations within the ribosome's active site |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which messenger RNA lengthens during transciption |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage in which the ribosome returns to its original conformation and products are release |
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Term
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Definition
the strand of DNA that is not transcribed during synthesis of RNA
its sequence corresponds to that of the mRNA produced from the other strand |
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Term
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Definition
the nprocess by which proteins and peptides are synthesized from messenger RNA
takes place in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
transfer RNA
one of a class of RNA molecules that have an anticodon at one end and an amino acid binding site at the other
each tRNA picks up a specific amino acid and binds to the corresponding codon in messenger RNA during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of all 64 codons and the particular amino acid that each specifies |
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Term
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Definition
a code in which a "word" of three letters encodes one piece of information
the genetic code is a triplet code because a codon is three nucleotides long and encodes one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a certain amino acid that initiates or terminates protein synthesis |
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Term
| genetic engineering the manipulation of genes |
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Definition
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Term
| restriction endonucleases |
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Definition
enzymes that "cut up" foreign DNA
hundreds have been discovered, each unique for a certain purpose
usually "cut" DNA palindormes |
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Term
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Definition
| when the 5'-->3' sequence on one strand is the same as the 5' --> 3' sequence on the antiparallel strand - GAATTC on one and CTTAAG on the other |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes formation of phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme used with the RNA --> DNA process that makes single or double-stranded DNA from RNA |
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Term
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Definition
any change in the hereditary material or an organism
can either be beneficial, neutral, or deleterious |
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Term
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Definition
| one nucleotide in a serious is added or changed |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that results in the same amino acid formation and is therefore ineffective |
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Term
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Definition
codes for "stop" codon
proteins stop being engineered before they are complete |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a base pair on DNA that causes the formation of a different amino acid on the polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition or deletion of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| a organism has more than two sets of chromosomes (normal in some species) |
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Term
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Definition
addition or deletion of one chromosome
occurs because of mistakes in either species |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of a chromosome is flipped, or inverted |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a chromosome detaches from one chromosome and attaches to another |
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Term
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Definition
| method of organizing a species' chromosomes based on size, structure, and number |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that exist in nextreme environments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| certain diseases can be passed from organism to organism and are called infectious diseases; certain bacteria and viruses are involved |
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Term
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Definition
any substance that can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
overuse of antibiotics leads to bacteria becoming resistant to them |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a pathogen or parasite to causes disease or death |
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Term
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Definition
| generally harmless in gastro-intestinal tract, but some can cause food poisoning by adhering to cells and secreting toxins to harm an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that can overcome the body's defenses and cause disease when the body is not as healthy as it can be |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins are secreted by the bacterial cell |
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Term
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Definition
| components of outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteris |
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Term
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Definition
| diversity in size, shape, and appearance |
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Term
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Definition
"light-feeders"
use light energy to promote electrons to the top of the electron transport chain
ATP is said to be produced by photophosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidize organic molecules (ie sugars), which serve as electron donors |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidize inorganic molecules, which serve as electron donors |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that makes its own C-C compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that consumes C-C compounds from autotrophs |
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