Term
Introducing foreign DNA into a bacterium causes genetic changes. What is the name of this method?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3. What is the name of gene transfer into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
into prokaryotic cells: transformation, into eukaryotic cells: transfection
|
|
|
Term
1. name 3 cellular components present only in eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
nucleus, mitochondrion, centriole, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton...etc.
|
|
|
Term
4. What is the mechanism of action of penicillin?
|
|
Definition
inhibits the formation of bacterial cell wall
|
|
|
Term
5. Name the chromosome-containing part of a bacterium!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
6. Would You name three characters of the bacterial DNA which distinguishes it from the eukaryotic DNA?
|
|
Definition
shorter, circular, naked, mostly consists of coding regions...etc.
|
|
|
Term
7. What is the name of the hypothesis describing the origin of eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
8. What parameters influence the resolution power of a light microscope (3)?
|
|
Definition
wavelength of light, refractive index, aperture angle of objective lens
|
|
|
Term
9. How can you define the limit of resolution?
|
|
Definition
the shortest distance whose 2 endpoints can be distingished from one another
|
|
|
Term
| Would you name the magnifying components of the light microscope (2)? |
|
Definition
objective lens, ocular lens
|
|
|
Term
12. Describe the image that can be seen in the light microscope (3)!
|
|
Definition
magnified in two steps, inverse, virtual
|
|
|
Term
13. Name two fixatives used in microscopy!
|
|
Definition
formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, osmiumtetroxide
|
|
|
Term
14. What are the advantages of freeze-drying technique in light microscopy? Give an example!
|
|
Definition
sudden fixation of the whole specimen, there is no denaturation, there is no change in chemical structure...etc.
|
|
|
Term
15. Which technique is suitable to visualize a specific protein in the cell?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
16. What is the relationship between the accelerating voltage of the electron microscope and the wavelength of the electron beam?
|
|
Definition
reverse relationship (inverse proportionality)
|
|
|
Term
17. Name two electron microscopic methods which give three dimensional appearance image of the specimen!
|
|
Definition
angular shadowing, freeze-etching technique, freeze-fracture technique, scanning electron microscopy
|
|
|
Term
18. Name two electron microscopic methods which are suitable to study isolated organelles!
|
|
Definition
angular shadowing, rotary shadowing, negative staining...etc.
|
|
|
Term
11. How can you calculate the magnification of the light microscope?
|
|
Definition
magnification of objective lens x magnification of ocular lens (eyepiece)
|
|
|
Term
| Which techniques use the deposition of metals on surfaces in electron microscopy? 2 examples |
|
Definition
angular shadowing, rotary shadowing, scanning electron microscopy, replica-technique
|
|
|
Term
20. What is the name of the recognition sequence of restriction endonucleases?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
21. Would you give an example for a palindrome sequence containing six basepairs!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
22. Name two types of enzymes that are capable of recognizing palindrome sequences!
|
|
Definition
restriction endonucleases, modification methylases
|
|
|
Term
23. What kind of ends can be generated by restriction endonucleases (2)?
|
|
Definition
blunt ends, cohesive (sticky) ends
|
|
|
Term
24. Name two methods in which restriction endonucleases have a paramount role!
|
|
Definition
cloning, Southern blotting, restriction mapping...etc.
|
|
|
Term
25. Name two vectors used in molecular biology!
|
|
Definition
| plasmid, l-phage, cosmid, adenovirus...etc. |
|
|
Term
26. What is the name of the vector, the DNA-insert of which can be transcribed in a host cell?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
27. Name three sequences that can be isolated only from the genomic library and not from the cDNA library!
|
|
Definition
promoter, satellite DNA, intron...etc.
|
|
|
Term
28. Would you name the three steps of a PCR cycle, in the correct order!
|
|
Definition
denaturation ® primer binding ® DNA-synthesis
|
|
|
Term
29. Name two methods used for amplification of a DNA fragment!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
30. What is hybridisation?
|
|
Definition
renaturation of denaturated nucleic acid with a probe
|
|
|
Term
31. Name two possible conclusions you can draw from a Southern blot!
|
|
Definition
the presence of a gene, copy number of a gene, presence of mutations...etc.
|
|
|
Term
32. Name two enzymes required to prepare a cDNA library!
|
|
Definition
reverse transcriptase, DNA ligase, restriction endonuclease
|
|
|
Term
33. Give an example for physical-chemical-biological gene transfer!
|
|
Definition
physical: microinjection, electroporation, gene gun; chemical: transfection, liposome; biological: virus vector
|
|
|
Term
34. What molecular biological phenomenon can be used for knock out mutation of a gene?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
35. What is an antisense oligonucleotide?
|
|
Definition
an oligonucleotide that can inhibit mRNA function by complementary base-pairing
|
|
|
Term
36. Name a method used for specific inhibition of protein function!
|
|
Definition
intracellular antibodies, expression of dominant inhibitory proteins, peptidomimetics, competitive inhibitors
|
|
|
Term
37. Which is tissue specific: a cDNA library or a genomic library?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
38. Name two methods for the identification of proteins by using specific antibodies!
|
|
Definition
immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting
|
|
|
Term
39. What is the role of mRNA and oligo(dT) added to an in vitro cDNA synthesizing system?
|
|
Definition
mRNA: template, oligo(dT): primer
|
|
|
Term
40. Name two methods capable of proving that the actin gene is expressed in liver cells!
|
|
Definition
Northern blotting, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry...etc.
|
|
|
Term
41. Name a radioactive precursor which is suitable to label PCR products!
|
|
Definition
[3H] dTTP, [a-32P] dCTP...etc.
|
|
|
Term
42. How could you show the result of molecular hybridization?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
43. Which are the subcellular fractions and in which order are they generated by differential centrifugation (5)?
|
|
Definition
nuclear fraction ® mitochondrial fraction ® microsomal fraction ® ribosomal fraction ® cytosol
|
|
|
Term
44. Which cellular organelles can be found in the microsomal fraction (3)?
|
|
Definition
Golgi complex, RER/GER (rough/granular endoplasmic reticulum), SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
|
|
|
Term
45. Which separation methods are used during 2D electrophoresis of proteins?
|
|
Definition
isoelectric focusing and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
|
|
|
Term
46. What charge do proteins have in a solution with a pH lower than the isoelectric point of that protein?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
47. What charge do proteins have at the end of isoelectric focusing?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
48. What charge do proteins have at the end of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
49. Which electrophoretic method is suitable for the separation of proteins according to their molecular weight?
|
|
Definition
SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
|
|
|
Term
50. Towards which electrode do nucleic acids move during electrophoresis?
|
|
Definition
towards the positive electrode
|
|
|
Term
51. Name 2 separation methods which fractionate particles mostly according to their molecular weight!
|
|
Definition
gel filtration, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, hypopycnic (velocity) density gradient centrifugation
|
|
|
Term
52. Name 2 separation methods where fractionation is independent of the molecular weight of the particles!
|
|
Definition
ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, affinity chromatography, isopycnic density gradient centrifugation
|
|
|
Term
53. During gel filtration, the elution volume of substance "A" is larger than that of substance "B". What conclusion can be drawn from this?
|
|
Definition
the molecular weight of substance "B" is larger than the molecular weight of substance "A"
|
|
|
Term
54. What kind of ligands can be used during affinity chromatography to separate what kind of substances? Give 2 examples!
|
|
Definition
antigene-antibody, enzyme-substrate, hormone-receptor, oligo(dT)-poly (A)+ mRNA...etc.
|
|
|
Term
55. Which separation method is suitable for the separation of poly (A)+ mRNAs from total cellular RNA fraction?
|
|
Definition
oligo(dT) cellulose affinity chromatography
|
|
|
Term
56. What type of bonds stabilize the DNA double helix?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
57. What are the basic rules of H-bond formation between bases in nucleic acids?
|
|
Definition
purines with pyrimidines; A with T (in DNA) or with U (in RNA); G with C (in DNA as well as in RNA)
|
|
|
Term
58. What are the two main principles of the interaction between nucleic acids?
|
|
Definition
complementarity, antiparallelity
|
|
|
Term
59. What is the definition of denaturation of nucleic acids?
|
|
Definition
the disruption of H-bonds
|
|
|
Term
60. What is a nucleoside and a nucleotide composed of?
|
|
Definition
nucleoside: base + pentose, nucleotide: base + pentose + phosphate group
|
|
|
Term
61. What is antiparallelity?
|
|
Definition
the direction of phosphodiester bonds is opposite in the complementary strands of double-stranded nucleic acids
|
|
|
Term
62. What is the melting point of DNA?
|
|
Definition
the temperature required to denature 50% of the DNA sample
|
|
|
Term
63. What is hyperchromicity?
|
|
Definition
the increase of UV light absorption during denaturation of DNA
|
|
|
Term
64. What are purine and pyrimidine bases? In which nucleic acids are the different bases found?
|
|
Definition
purines: A, G; pyrimidines: C, T, U; DNA: A, G, C, T; RNA: A, G, C, U
|
|
|
Term
65. Name a chemical that can precipitate DNA!
|
|
Definition
ethanol, trichloroacetic acid...etc.
|
|
|
Term
66. What is the charge of nucleic acids at neutral pH? What is the reason for that?
|
|
Definition
negative, due to the phosphate groups
|
|
|
Term
67. Name two chemicals, which can cause DNA denaturation!
|
|
Definition
alkaline solutions, formamide, urea...etc.
|
|
|
Term
68. Name a chemical, which can cause the denaturation of RNA!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
69. What is the explanation for the differences between the melting point of DNA of different species?
|
|
Definition
the difference between the A+T/G+C ratios in the different DNA molecules
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA possessing catalytic activity
|
|
|
Term
71. Name an acidic amino acid!
|
|
Definition
aspartic acid, glutamic acid
|
|
|
Term
72. Name a basic (alkaline) amino acid!
|
|
Definition
lysine, arginine, histidine
|
|
|
Term
73. What is the general structure of an amino acid like?
|
|
Definition
a central C atom attached to four groups: a H atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group and a side chain
|
|
|
Term
74. What is the primary structure of proteins?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
75. What are the two major forms of the secondary structure of proteins?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
76. What is the name of a functional unit in the tertiary structure of proteins?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
77. What kind of proteins are involved in the folding of proteins in vivo?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
78. What makes an amino acid acidic?
|
|
Definition
carboxyl group in the side chain
|
|
|
Term
79. Name two proteins possessing quaternary structure!
|
|
Definition
haemoglobin, insulin, insulin receptor, DNA polymerase...etc.
|
|
|
Term
80. How do enzymes change the activation energy of the catalyzed reactions?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
81. Name two carotenoids!
|
|
Definition
b-carotene, retinal, retinoic acid...etc.
|
|
|
Term
82. Name three steroid compounds!
|
|
Definition
cholesterol, deoxycholate (bile acids), testosterone, oestrogen, vitamin D...etc.
|
|
|
Term
83. Which steroid is a membrane-component?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
84. Name three hexose sugars!
|
|
Definition
glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose...etc.
|
|
|
Term
85. Name two glucose-polysaccharides!
|
|
Definition
glycogen, starch, cellulose
|
|
|
Term
86. Name two glycosaminoglycans!
|
|
Definition
chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate, hyaluronic acid...etc.
|
|
|
Term
87. Name the main components of the nucleus (5)!
|
|
Definition
nuclear envelope, nucleoplasma, chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear matrix
|
|
|
Term
88. Which proteins connect chromatin to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
89. How could you classify heterochromatin on the basis of its location?
|
|
Definition
marginal/peripheral, nucleolus-associated, diffuse heterochromatin
|
|
|
Term
90. What is the functional difference between eu- and heterochromatin?
|
|
Definition
heterochromatin is inactive, euchromatin contains transcriptionally active parts
|
|
|
Term
91. Name the components of the nucleolus (4)!
|
|
Definition
fibrillar center, fibrillar component, granular component, nucleolus-associated chromatin
|
|
|
Term
92. Name the transport and G-protein taking part in the transport through the nuclear pores!
|
|
Definition
transport protein: importin, G-protein: Ran
|
|
|
Term
93. In what form can DNA be found in interphase cells and in dividing cells?
|
|
Definition
interphase cells: chromatin, dividing cells: chromosome
|
|
|
Term
94. Name the chemical components of chromatin (4)!
|
|
Definition
DNA, proteins (histones and non-histones), ions, RNA
|
|
|
Term
95. What is the difference between constitutive and facultative heterochromatin?
|
|
Definition
constitutive: permanently inactive form, facultative: in certain circumstances may be activated
|
|
|
Term
96. What is a nucleosome made of?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
97. Name the morphological levels of organisation of chromatin in order!
|
|
Definition
beads-on-a-string ® solenoid ® looped domains ® metaphase chromosome
|
|
|
Term
98. Name 2 nonhistone proteins with regulatory function!
|
|
Definition
TATA factor, AP-1, SRF, CREB...etc.
|
|
|
Term
99. Name 2 nonhistone proteins with enzymatic function!
|
|
Definition
RNA polymerases, DNA polymerases, nucleases, ligases...etc.
|
|
|
Term
100. What kind of RNA molecules can be found in chromatin? Name 2 of them!
|
|
Definition
pre-mRNA (hnRNA), pre-rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA...etc.
|
|
|
Term
101. Name 2 of the RNP components of chromatin!
|
|
Definition
perichromatin granule, interchromatin granule, perichromatin fibril
|
|
|
Term
102. Give 2 examples of tandemly repeated sequences!
|
|
Definition
rRNA genes, tRNA genes, histone genes...etc.
|
|
|
Term
103. Where are the highly repetitive sequences located in the chromosomes?
|
|
Definition
centromeric-telomeric regions
|
|
|
Term
104. Give 2 examples of proteins coded by gene families!
|
|
Definition
globin, cytoskeleton, cell membrane receptors, protein kinases, transcription factors...etc.
|
|
|
Term
105. What does pseudogene mean?
|
|
Definition
members of gene families, which became inactive by mutations
|
|
|
Term
106. What is gene amplification?
|
|
Definition
an increase in the copy number of a gene
|
|
|
Term
107. Give 2 examples of gene amplification!
|
|
Definition
rRNA genes, c-myc in certain tumors...etc.
|
|
|
Term
108. Which human chromosome contains Alu sequences?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
109. What are the two main phases of cell cycle?
|
|
Definition
interphase and cell division
|
|
|
Term
110. What are the main phases of the interphase?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
111. What is the amount of DNA in a G1 phase cell?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
112. What is the amount of DNA in a G2 phase cell?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
113. Name a cell type which resides in the G0 phase!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
114. Name two processes occuring during the S phase!
|
|
Definition
replication, synthesis of histones, translocation of DNA polymerase into the nucleus...etc.
|
|
|
Term
115. What is the name of the procedure when all cultured cells are brought into the same phase of the cell cycle?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
116. Name two methods which are suitable for the synchronisation of a cell population!
|
|
Definition
serum starvation, mitotic shake-off, treatment with colchicine...etc.
|
|
|
Term
117. Which method can be used to separate cells in different phases of the cell cycle on the basis of their DNA content?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
118. Would you name 2 mitogenic substances?
|
|
Definition
phytohaemagglutinin, PDGF, EGF, FGF...etc.
|
|
|
Term
119. What are the components of MPF?
|
|
Definition
cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase
|
|
|
Term
120. What kind of catalytic activity do the Cdk enzymes possess?
|
|
Definition
serine/threonine specific protein kinase activity
|
|
|
Term
121. What are the major phases of mitosis (5)?
|
|
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
|
|
|
Term
122. Name a protein phosphorylated by MPF!
|
|
Definition
histone H1, lamin, microtubule associated proteins...etc.
|
|
|
Term
123. Name the three main components of the mitotic spindle!
|
|
Definition
kinetochor, polar and astral microtubules
|
|
|
Term
124. Which type of microtubules is responsible for the separation and movement of chromatids?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
125. Which type of microtubules is responsible for the elongation of the cell as well as the moving off of the two poles?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
126. In which phase of mitosis are the chromatids separated from each other?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
127. Which element of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the cytokinesis?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
128. What is the meaning of the semiconservative nature of replication?
|
|
Definition
one chain of the replicated DNA is the original and the other is the newly synthesized one
|
|
|
Term
129. What is the function of template during replication?
|
|
Definition
helps nucleotide incorporation by complementary base-pairing
|
|
|
Term
130. Why is DNA replication primer-dependent?
|
|
Definition
because DNA polymerases are unable to initiate DNA synthesis
|
|
|
Term
131. What is the name of the countinuously replicated strand of the replication fork?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
132. What is the name of the short DNA segments that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replication fork?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
133. What is the name of the site where DNA replication begins?
|
|
Definition
origo (origin of replication)
|
|
|
Term
134. Which enzyme causes relaxation of DNA during replication?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
135. Which enzyme cleaves the hydrogen bonds at the replication fork?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
136. What is the function of primase?
|
|
Definition
it is responsible for the synthesis of RNA primers
|
|
|
Term
137. What is proofreading?
|
|
Definition
the removal of non-complementary nucleotides incorporated during DNA replication
|
|
|
Term
138. What kind of enzyme activity does the DNA polymerase III have?
|
|
Definition
5' ® 3' elongation, 3' ® 5' exonuclease
|
|
|
Term
139. What kind of enzyme activity does the DNA polymerase I have?
|
|
Definition
5' ® 3' elongation, 5' ® 3' exonuclease
|
|
|
Term
140. What is the function of the 3' ® 5' exonuclease activity during replication?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
141. What is the function of the 5' ® 3' exonuclease activity during replication?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
142. What is the name of the enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
143. What kind of enzyme activity does the topoisomerase II have?
|
|
Definition
reversible double-stranded endonuclease
|
|
|
Term
144. Which enzyme inhibits shortening of eukaryotic chromosomes due to replication?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
145. What is the consequence of decreasing proofreading-activity during replication?
|
|
Definition
increasing rate of mutation
|
|
|
Term
146. What kind of DNA damage can be caused by UV irradiation?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
147. Which repair system is responsible for the replacement of damaged bases?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
148. Which enzyme can recognize and remove a damaged base in base excision repair?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
149. What is the name of the mechanism that removes the pyrimidine dimers?
|
|
Definition
nucleotide excision repair
|
|
|
Term
150. What kind of enzyme activity does the excinuclease have?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
151. Name a human disease with defective nucleotide excision DNA repair!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
152. Which repair mechanism is responsible for the correction of non-complementary basepairing?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
153. Which DNA strand contains the correct sequences before mismatch repair?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
154. Name a human disease with defective mismatch repair!
|
|
Definition
HNPCC (hereditary non-polyposis colon carcinoma)
|
|
|
Term
155. What does it mean: RNA-synthesis is asymmetric in vivo?
|
|
Definition
only one template strand is transcribed
|
|
|
Term
156. What are the main steps of transcription?
|
|
Definition
initiation, elongation, termination
|
|
|
Term
157. What is the name of the DNA region involved in the initiation of transcription?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
158. What are the initial and the final sequences of a transcription unit?
|
|
Definition
initial: promoter, final: terminator
|
|
|
Term
159. What is the name of the transcriptional step that leads to the formation of phosphodiester bonds?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
160. What is the direction of RNA synthesis from the point of view of RNA?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
161. Name the RNA produced by transcription, but has not been processed yet!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
162. What are the two components of the RNA polymerase in bacteria?
|
|
Definition
core enzyme plus sigma factor
|
|
|
Term
163. What kind of enzymes do the processing of bacterial pre-rRNA?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
164. What is the role of the bacterial rho factor?
|
|
Definition
chain termination of transcription
|
|
|
Term
165. What is the role of the bacterial sigma factor?
|
|
Definition
the initiation of transcription
|
|
|
Term
166. Which enzyme produces the pre-rRNA in eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of rRNAs are produced from the eukaryotic pre-rRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
168. Which rRNA is produced outside the nucleolus?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
169. What is the name of the DNA region between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
170. What kind of process do the Christmas-trees show?
|
|
Definition
synthesis of eukaryotic rRNA
|
|
|
Term
171. At which site is the maturation of the ribosomal subunits finished?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of the formation of ribosomal proteins? |
|
Definition
free ribosomes of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Term
173. When do ribosomal subunits attach to each other?
|
|
Definition
during initiation of translation
|
|
|
Term
174. What is the name of the pre-mRNA sequences that are missing from the mature mRNA molecules?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
175. What is the name of the pre-mRNA sequences that are present even in the mature mRNA?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
176. What is the name of the procedure that removes the introns from the pre-mRNA?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
177. What are the components of the spliceosome (3)?
|
|
Definition
hnRNA/pre-mRNA, snRNAs and proteins
|
|
|
Term
178. What are the maturation processes of a hnRNA/pre-mRNA (3)?
|
|
Definition
formation of the cap structure, polyadenylation, splicing
|
|
|
Term
179. Which class of mRNAs lack a poly A tail?
|
|
Definition
prokaryotic mRNAs and eukaryotic histone mRNAs
|
|
|
Term
180. Which enzyme produces the pre-mRNAs (hnRNAs) in eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
181. Name exons that can be found in adenoviral late pre-mRNAs!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
182. Give an example of a consensus sequence!
|
|
Definition
Pribnow-box, TATA-box...etc.
|
|
|
Term
183. What is the role of mRNA and tRNA during translation?
|
|
Definition
mRNA: template, tRNA: adapter
|
|
|
Term
184. What kind of molecules take part in amino acid-activation (3)?
|
|
Definition
amino acid, ATP, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
|
|
|
Term
186. Name the molecules, which are able to bind to the 3 main loops and to the 3' end of tRNA!
|
|
Definition
ribosome, mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, amino acid
|
|
|
Term
185. What are the products of amino acid-activation (3)?
|
|
Definition
aminoacyl-tRNA, AMP, pyrophosphate
|
|
|
Term
187. What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
|
|
Definition
direction of flow of information: DNA ® RNA ® proteins
|
|
|
Term
188. What is a monocistronic mRNA?
|
|
Definition
it contains only one open reading frame
|
|
|
Term
189. What is a polycistronic mRNA?
|
|
Definition
it contains more than one open reading frames
|
|
|
Term
190. What is the start site and the end of an open reading frame?
|
|
Definition
start: initiation codon, end: stop codon
|
|
|
Term
191. Which feature of the genetic code means that one amino acid could be coded by more than one codon?
|
|
Definition
redundancy (degeneration)
|
|
|
Term
192. Which nucleotide of a codon is able to "wobble"?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
193. Name the enzyme that catalyzes peptide bond formation. Where can it be found?
|
|
Definition
peptidyl transferase; ribozyme, in the large subunit of ribosome
|
|
|
Term
194. The anticodon of a tRNA molecule is 5'-CAU-3'. What is the sequence of the corresponding codon of mRNA (5' --- 3')?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
195. Name three antibiotics able to inhibit protein synthesis!
|
|
Definition
erithromycin, tetracyclin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol...etc.
|
|
|
Term
196. What is the polysome made of?
|
|
Definition
mRNA molecule and ribosomes
|
|
|
Term
197. What is the direction of protein synthesis from the point of view of mRNA and protein?
|
|
Definition
mRNA: 5' ® 3', protein: N terminus ® C terminus
|
|
|
Term
198. What are the 3 repeated steps of the elongation of translation?
|
|
Definition
binding of aminoacyl-tRNA, peptidyl transferase reaction, translocation
|
|
|
Term
199. What are the sedimentation constants of the subunits, and the whole ribosome in prokaryotes?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
200. What are the sedimentation constants of the subunits, and the whole ribosome in eukaryotes?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
201. How much energy is used for the incorporation of one amino acid into a newly synthesized protein?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
202. Which are the energy-dependent processes during translation (3)?
|
|
Definition
amino acid-activation, aminoacyl-tRNA binding, translocation
|
|
|
Term
203. What does constitutive gene expression mean?
|
|
Definition
a certain gene is continuously expressed at the same rate
|
|
|
Term
204. What kind of DNA regions build up a bacterial operon?
|
|
Definition
20promoter, operator, structural genes
|
|
|
Term
205. What kind of an operon is the lactose operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
206. What is the effect of the presence of glucose in the medium on the cAMP content of bacteria?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
207. What is the effect of the presence of glucose in the medium on the function of lactose operon of bacteria?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
208. What protein binds cAMP during the regulation of lactose operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
209. What is the name of the DNA region in the lactose operon that binds the repressor?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
210. What is the role of lactose in the regulation of lactose operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
211. What kind of metabolic processes are regulated by inducible operons?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
212. What kind of an operon is the bacterial tryptophan operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
213. What is the role of tryptophan in the regulation of tryptophan operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
214. To what does tryptophan bind during the course of regulating the tryptophan operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
215. How does the presence of tryptophan affect the activity of the tryptophan operon?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
216. What kind of metabolic processes are regulated by repressible operons?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
217. Name a cis-acting regulatory element!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
218. What is the most characteristic feature of housekeeping genes?
|
|
Definition
they are active in all types of cells
|
|
|
Term
219. Name two levels at which gene expression can be regulated in eukaryotic cells!
|
|
Definition
transcription, RNA processing, RNA transport...etc.
|
|
|
Term
220. Give an example for chemical modifications involved in the regulation of transcription!
|
|
Definition
acetylation of histones, methylation of DNA, phosphorylation
|
|
|
Term
221. Name a biochemical process involved in the regulation of mRNA processing!
|
|
Definition
alternative splicing, RNA editing
|
|
|
Term
223. What domains of a transcription factor are absolutely necessary for its function?
|
|
Definition
DNA binding domain, activator domain
|
|
|
Term
222. What are the two main mechanisms of protein breakdown in eukaryotic cells?
|
|
Definition
lysosomal digestion, ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
|
|
|
Term
224. Name two groups of eukaryotic transcription factors!
|
|
Definition
helix-turn-helix, Zn finger, amphipatic helix
|
|
|
Term
225. Would you name a Zn-finger protein!
|
|
Definition
TFIIIA, steroid receptors, WT-1...etc.
|
|
|
Term
226. What is the cause of testicular feminisation?
|
|
Definition
the lack of androgen receptor
|
|
|
Term
227. Where are glucocorticoid receptors located in a target cell not treated with glucocorticoid?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
228. Name two disorders that can be caused by malfunction of transcription factors!
|
|
Definition
cancer, endocrine diseases, developmental diseases...etc.
|
|
|
Term
229. Name the surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum!
|
|
Definition
cytoplasmic surface, exoplasmic surface
|
|
|
Term
230. What kind of molecules are synthesized on the rough and on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
|
|
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulum: proteins, smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipids
|
|
|
Term
231. What kind of proteins are synthesized on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum (3)?
|
|
Definition
secretory proteins, membrane proteins, lysosomal enzymes
|
|
|
Term
232. On which type of ribosomes does protein synthesis start?
|
|
Definition
all protein synthesis starts on free ribosomes
|
|
|
Term
233. What determines that a certain protein is synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
|
|
Definition
signal sequence of the protein
|
|
|
Term
234. What is the mechanism by which the newly synthesized protein is transported into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
|
|
Definition
cotranslational transport
|
|
|
Term
235. What does protein glycosylation mean?
|
|
Definition
addition of oligosaccharides to a protein chain
|
|
|
Term
236. Name a disease associated with the abnormal function of the chaperones present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum!
|
|
Definition
cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolaemia
|
|
|
Term
237. Name the two types of secretion!
|
|
Definition
constitutive and regulated secretion
|
|
|
Term
238. Name two examples of constitutive secretion!
|
|
Definition
secretion of matrix proteins, secretion of antibodies, secretion of albumin, replacement of cell membrane components...etc.
|
|
|
Term
239. Name two amino acids that are capable of binding to carbohydrate side chains in a protein!
|
|
Definition
asparagine, serine, threonine, hydroxylysine
|
|
|
Term
240. Name two carbohydrates which are components of glycoproteins!
|
|
Definition
glucose, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine...etc.
|
|
|
Term
241. Name the types of endocytosis (3)!
|
|
Definition
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
Term
242. In which form is cholesterol transported in the blood?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
243. What kind of mechanism is used by the cells to take up LDL particles?
|
|
Definition
receptor-mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
Term
244. Name three proteins involved in vesicular transport!
|
|
Definition
ARF, adaptin, targeting proteins, Rab proteins, chaperone proteins...etc.
|
|
|
Term
245. Name two of the most frequently produced free radicals in the cells!
|
|
Definition
superoxide free radical, hydroxyl free radical, hypochlorite free radical
|
|
|
Term
246. Which enzyme produces the superoxide free radical?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
247. What kind of compounds are produced by the reduction of oxygene molecule by 1, 2, 3, or 4 electrons?
|
|
Definition
superoxide free radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radical, water
|
|
|
Term
248. What kind of enzymes are responsible for the inactivation of the superoxide free radical and hydrogen peroxide respectively?
|
|
Definition
superoxide: superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide: catalase, peroxidase
|
|
|
Term
249. Free radicals degrade the unsaturated fatty acid components of the membranes. What is the name of this process?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
250. Name two lysosomal storage diseases!
|
|
Definition
Tay-Sachs disease, I-cell disease, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease
|
|
|
Term
251. What kind of enzymes are present in lysosomes?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
252. The lysosomes can digest cellular organelles. What is the name of this process?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
253. Which family of enzymes transforms xenobiotics in the liver cells?
|
|
Definition
cytochrome P450 family of enzymes
|
|
|
Term
254. Name the three main functions of smooth endoplasmatic reticulum!
|
|
Definition
biotransformation, lipid synthesis, storage of calcium
|
|
|
Term
255. What is the effect of phenobarbital on the cytochrome P450 system of liver cells?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
256. List the steps of biological oxidation as well as the site where they take place in the cell!
|
|
Definition
glycolysis: cytoplasm, citric acid cycle: mitochondrial matrix, terminal oxidation: inner membrane of mitochondrion
|
|
|
Term
257. What are the four main structural elements of a mitochondrion?
|
|
Definition
outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix
|
|
|
Term
258. What is the cause of different permeability of the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane?
|
|
Definition
inner membrane: inpermeable due to cardiolipin, outer membrane: permeable due to porin
|
|
|
Term
259. Name the three main types of proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane!
|
|
Definition
transport proteins, proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation chain, ATP synthase
|
|
|
Term
260. How is pyruvate taken up by mitochondria?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
261. What is the motive force of the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
|
|
Definition
the electrochemical proton gradient
|
|
|
Term
262. What are the subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
263. What is the site of the synthesis of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and RNAs?
|
|
Definition
proteins: on free ribosomes of the cytoplasm, rRNAs: in the mitochondrial matrix
|
|
|
Term
264. How can proteins enter the mitochondrion?
|
|
Definition
by posttranslational transport with the help of chaperones
|
|
|
Term
265. What is the function of chaperones in the transport of proteins into the mitochondria?
|
|
Definition
they unfold the protein chain
|
|
|
Term
266. Where is higher the pH-value: in the mitochondrial matrix or in the intermembrane space?
|
|
Definition
in the mitochondrial matrix
|
|
|
Term
267. What is the function of the F0 component of mitochondrial ATP synthase?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
269. Which are the repetitive sequences that can be used as highly polymorphic genetic markers?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
270. What is the name of animals whose genome contains an artificially introduced gene, and this gene is inherited to the offspring?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
271. Which molecular biological methods can give information whether a transgenic animal is homo- or heterozygous for the transgene (2)?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
272. What is the physiological function of siRNAs?
|
|
Definition
regulation of gene expression
|
|
|
Term
273. Which method can be used to visualize the radioactive hybridisation probe on a Southern blot?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
274. What type of polymerase chain reaction can be used to quantitate a specific nucleic acid region?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
275. What does the acronyme SNP stand for?
|
|
Definition
single nucleotide polymorphism
|
|
|
Term
276. What is the name of RNA molecules responsible for RNA interference?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
277. Give a definition of the term „proteome”!
|
|
Definition
all the proteins present in a cell
|
|
|
Term
278. Name 2 proteins involved in the nuclear transport of proteins!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
279. What is the enzyme activity of Ran?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
280. Name a polyglutamine disease!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
281. Name 2 chemical modifications that are characteristic of histones!
|
|
Definition
phosphorylation, acethylation, etc.
|
|
|
Term
282. Name the protein complexes that hold the sister chromatids together!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
283. Name the enzyme that cleaves cohesin complexes between sister chromatids!
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
284. Give a definition of the term „translesion DNA synthesis”!
|
|
Definition
replication of damaged DNA
|
|
|
Term
285. What is the function of exosomes?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Give a definition of the term „constitutive splicing”!
|
|
Definition
the process producing a single mRNA from a single pre-mRNA
|
|
|
Term
268. Name three disorders caused by mitochondrial DNA damage!
|
|
Definition
mental dementia, cardiomyopathy, optic nerve atrophy, glomerulopathy...etc.
|
|
|
