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| study of heredity… The passing of traits from one generation to the next |
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| it is the key to all biology seen in everyday life and because of genetic technology |
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| what are genes and how did they work |
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| a gene is a string of chemical subunits (nucleotides) and a DNA molecule (deoxyribonucleic acid) there are four different types of nucleotides in DNA adenine thymine guanine and cytosine |
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| how many genes take to make human |
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| approaches to the study of genetics |
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classical – transmission from parents to offspring
Mindel's peas (founded genetics)
drosophilia (fruit fly)
modern – molecular
understanding the blueprint of life
gene structure/function/regulation
understanding disorders/diseases/mutations |
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| Linus Pauling-sickle cell anemia – molecular genetics |
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| Watson and crick discovered DNA |
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| Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis to specific chromosome |
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human genome project begins
cloned many things throughout the 90s |
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| human genome project ends |
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| understanding the blueprint of 3 billion nucleotides and 20 to 25,000 genes carried in human cells |
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| what is the impact of genome information in our society |
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1. Healthcare, genetic testing and genome scanning a.k.a. gene therapy
2. Therapeutic versus embryonic cloning
3. Biotechnology: genetically modified food, stem cell and treating disease, bio pharmacology, DNA and biotech affect every day |
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| when an individual's macrophage cells engulf a red blood cell that has a dysfunction and cannot break it down it becomes larger and larger and eventually is unable to pass through the bloodstream |
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| macrophage cells are scavengers of red blood cells they recycle, and can also take away infections. when a human is cut macrophage cells can release toxins to kill the bacteria |
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no nucleus, circular stranded DNA
ex. Good bacteria and bad bacteria |
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| organize nucleus, specialized functions, yeast, algae, multicellular, and the genes occur in pairs |
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| viruses are composed of DNA or RNA that have replicated to survive. They cannot do anything until they find the right host cell |
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membrane is composed of lipid (fat)
they communicate via proteins with signals (divide, die, grow) |
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Definition
nucleus-chromosomes,which contains DNA, which contains genes
cytoplasm-factory for making proteins and sending out word
mitochondria-powerhouse of the cell takes glucose and breaks it down then releases it
golgie complex-shipping the cells
Endoplasm-tubular |
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Term
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Definition
germinal – sex genes
somatic – regular genes
* we have 23 pairs of chromosomes, since we have 46 total.
Out of the 23 pairs one pair is germinal
hence 22 somatic
one germinal |
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| is the replication of somatic cells |
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| the five phases of mitosis |
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| interphase, prophase, metaphase, anti phase, telophase. |
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Definition
consists of four stages G0, G1, S, G2.
G0-signal to divide, from outside through the cell membrane
G1-synthesis (s)-surveillance (is the duplication okay? Good cell?)
If so replicate chromosome's
G2-is the product of duplication okay check, if so the message moves on to mitosis.mitosis will begin.
*** if the G1, G2 receptors are damaged in any way they can produce mutated cells which gives rise to cancer, disease |
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| chromosomes shrink… Membrane begins to dissolve |
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| chromosomes begin to line up in the nucleus |
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| begins to separate (pull away) centrioles combined with centimeters |
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| cells separate. 2 diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each are produced |
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| has the capability to give rise to other cell types |
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| dominant versus recesses separation of alleles independent assortment |
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| AaCc x AAcc....comparing 2 traits |
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| exceptions to Mundell's rules |
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| co-dominance, Incomplete dominance, and multiple alels |
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| the flowers (blending) the Mono hybrid cross the produces red pink and white flowers blending process |
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is where there is no recessive best seen in blood types...where three alleles give rise to four different blood types
alleles-a. LA, b. LB, o. L.>>>>A,B,AB,O |
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autosomal recessive
mucus buildup multiple ideals contribute |
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autosomal recessive
where hemoglobin is the disease effects one gene with the possibility of blocking veins. It is highly dependent on stress to develop |
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| autosomal dominant-deterioration of the brain |
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| autosomal dominant metabolic disorder, causes old-age disease in teenagers |
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| camptodactily and cleft pallet |
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| missing of the pinky, or lips don't come together. These are both autosomal dominant traits that are influenced by expressive activity and penetrance, which are variables to Mendels inheritance |
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| sex linked recessive resulting colorblindness if one of the gametes is defaulted during meiosis |
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| sex linked trait on the X chromosome causes blood clots |
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| contribution of genes and environment that alters the trait example obesity cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndromes...not influenced: eye color, hair color |
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counting the 46 chromosomes
-they do this by isolating the white blood cells adding a plant extracts blocking at the metaphase adding cold nitrogen that splits the cells open they them and count. |
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| types of screening for fetus |
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Definition
amniocentesis-picking out amniotic fluid
chronic viulus sampling-sample of the placenta
ultrasound-
fetal cell analysis – blood test for mom's blood because the mother in the child's blood cells circulate together |
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| is the cause of many diseases is where something went wrong in the Ganymede stage to cause dysfunction in a chromosome |
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euploidy-N,2N,3N.....USED IN PLANTS FOR FASTER PRODUCTION
ANEUPLOIDY-the plus and minus chromosomes...n+1,n-1 |
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| can occur from non-disjunction-which is where game meats were mutated... Can occur from Mosaic which is a mixture of somatic cells of 47 and 46... Or by fragmentation-which is where the after the exchange chromosome number 14 has a piece of chromosome 21 causing Down's for partial exchange |
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Term
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| also chromosomal defect nondisjunction occurs during gamete formation in is missing one X chromosome. Occurs in all females they have normal views until he reached sexual maturity and then they never develop the Monosomic (2n-1) |
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| occurs in all males. Where they have an extra X chromosome making them more female therefore this is a trisomic-2N+1 |
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