Term
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Definition
| Characterists which result from the arrangement and interraction of parts as system complexity increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interractions among the system's parts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of the end product of a process slows that process |
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Term
| 4 important propeties of water |
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Definition
1. Cohesive
2.High specific heat capacity
3.Importnat solvent
4.Frozen water is less dense |
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Term
| 4 ways that a Carbon skeleton can vary |
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Definition
1.Length
2.Branching
3.Double bond position
4.Presence of rings |
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Term
Hydroxyl Group:
- structure
- name of compound
- Example
- Functional properties
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Definition
1. -OH
2.Alcohols
3.Ethanol
4.Polar, can form H bonds to help dissolve molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
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Term
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Definition
1.Structural: differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
2.Cis-trans: differ in arrangement about a rotation restrictive double bond
3.Enantiomers: Two isomers which are mirror images of each other. Shape differs around an asymetric (polar) carbon
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Term
Carbonyl Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
1. >C=O
2. Ketones- If group is within the Carbon skeleton
Aldhydes- If group is at the end of the C skeleton
3. Acetone (simplest ketone)
Propanal (an aldehyde)
4. Ketones & aldehydes may be structual isomers
Found in sugars, giving rise to two main groups of sugars: ketoses and aldehydes |
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Term
Carboxyl Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
1. -C=O
\
OH
2. Carboxylic acids
3.Acetic acid
4.Acts as an acid (donates H+)
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Term
Amino Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
H
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1. -N
\
H
2. Amines
3. Amino group + Carboxyl Group = Amino acids
4. Acts as a base |
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Term
Sulfhydryl Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
1. -SH
2.Thiols
3.Cystine
4. Two sulfhydryl groups can react by "cross-linking" which helps stabalize protein
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Term
Phosphate Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
O
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1. -O-P-O
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O
2. Organic Phosphates
3. Glycerol Phospate
4. Contributes negative charge to molecule
Reactive with water |
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Term
Methyl Group:
1. Structure
2. Name of compound
3. Example
4. Functional properties |
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Definition
H
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1.C-H
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H
2.Methylated compunds
3. 5-Methyl cytidine
4.Affects expression of genes
Unreactive, but contributes to shape |
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Term
monomers form polymers by __________ reactions
Polymers are disassembled by _________ |
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Definition
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Term
Carbohydates serve as ________ and ________ material.
Carbohydrates are ______ and their polymers. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polymer of glucose, but with different glycosidic linkages than startch. A major component of plant cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses: fuel, used in metabolism, used to make polymers and othe rorganic molecules
General formula: (CH2O)n
Most names end in -ose |
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Term
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Definition
| Fromed by two monosaccharides by glycosidic linkages |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of sugars which serve food storage and structural roles |
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Term
Glucose is stored as _______ in animals and ______ in plants. |
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Definition
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Term
Lipids:
-Traits
-Structure
-Function
-Types |
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Definition
Hydrophobic biological molecules not made from polymers.
Structures dominated by nonpolar covalent bonds (C-C and C-H).
Function in metabolism, cell membrane structure, and some are important signaling molecules
Include triacylglycerols (fats), phosolipids, and steriods |
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Term
| Fats are composed of a single _____ and three _______. |
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Definition
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Term
Fatty acids vary in ________ and in the _______ and ________ of double bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
True or false:
Saturated fats contain double bonds.
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Definition
| False, saturated fats contain the maximum number are H atoms possible and therefore have no double bonds. |
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Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids have _______ at their double bonds and are _______ at room temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Phospholipids are composed of two ________ and a ________. |
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Definition
| fatty acids, phosphate group |
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Term
| Phosolipids form _______ in cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Steriods structure and function: |
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Definition
Four fused rings with attched chemical groups
Function: component of cell membranes (chloesterol)
Signaling molecule (hormones) |
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Term
| Polypeptides are polymers of ________ held together by ________ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein is composed of one or more ______ and has a specific shape or ________. |
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Definition
| polypeptides, conformation |
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Term
| Amino acids are acids possessing both _______ and ______ groups. They differ in properties due to ______, called R groups. |
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Definition
Carboyxl, Amino
Side chains |
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Term
A protein's specific confirmation (shape):
Determines -
Results from-
Is determined by- |
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Definition
- how it functions
-the folding of the polypeptide strand
-the sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of amino acids in a protein. Has direction with two distinct ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| The folding or coiling of polypeptide regions resulting from Hydrogen bonds of the backbone only. Icludes the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet. R groups are not involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide which results from interactions between amino acid side chains. Often contains regions of alpha helix and beta pleated structure. |
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Term
| The four types of side chain interactions in tertiary structure: |
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Definition
1. Hydrogen bonds
2.Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions
3.Disulfide bridges
4.Ionic bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Overall protein structure that results from the interaction and assembly of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Result from same interactions as in tertiary structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in an amino acid in a protein. |
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Term
How do light microscopes work and what could you view with them?
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Definition
They pass visble light (photons) through the specimenand magnify the image with optical lenses.
They can view most plant and animal cells, bateria, and some cell organelles. |
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Term
| How do electron microscopes work and what can you view with this method? |
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Definition
They focus a beam of electron through a specimen or onto its surface.
You could view virus, lipids, ribosomes, and proteins |
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Term
| How do scanning electron microscopes work and what are they useful for? |
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Definition
The electron beam scans the surface of the specimen, usually coated in a film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are dectected by a device which translates the pattern into an electronic image on a video screen.
This method is useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen. |
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