Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Coelacanth, lungfish
-rod shaped bones surrounding muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins |
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Term
| Terrestrial vertebrates arose from |
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Definition
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Term
| What group did humans arise from? |
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Definition
primates
-humans are members of the ape group |
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Term
| Derived Characters of primates |
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Definition
-Most primates Have hands and feet adapted for grasping
-large brain and short jaws
-Forward-looking eyes close together on the face, providing depth perception
-Well-developed parental care and complex social behavior
-A fully opposable thumb |
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Term
| Three main groups of living primates |
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Definition
-lemurs of Madagascar
-lorises and pottos of tropical Africa and Southern Asia
-Tarsiers of Southeast Asia |
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Term
| The oldest known anthropoid fossils is how old? |
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Definition
45 million years old
-indicates that tarsiers are more closely related to anthropoids |
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Term
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Definition
| primates informally called apes |
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Term
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Definition
| old world monkeys about 20-25mya |
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Term
| Humans are what kind of hominoid? |
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Definition
| bipedal hominoid with a large brain |
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Term
| How old are Homo sapiens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Derived Characters of Hominids |
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Definition
-Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
-Larger brains – Language capabilities
-Symbolic thought
-The manufacture and use of complex tools
-Shortened jaw
-Hairlessness |
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Term
| The most recent common ancestor of humans and chimps lived approximately how long ago? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Two common misconceptions of early hominids |
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Definition
-thinking of them as chimpanzees
-imagining human evolution as a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens |
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Term
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Definition
paraphyletic assemblage of hominids
-lived between 4 mya and 2 mya |
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Term
| Oldest evidence of tool use |
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Definition
-cut marks on animal bones
-2.5 mil years old |
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Term
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Definition
earliest fossils placed in our genus Homo
-2.4 to 1.6 mya |
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Term
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Definition
-first fully bipedal, large-brained hominid
-existed between 1.9 and 1.6 mya |
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Term
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Definition
-first hominid to leave Africa
-originated in Africa approximately 1.8 mya |
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Term
| Neanderthals aka homo neanderthalensis |
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Definition
-Lived in Europe and the Near East from 200,000 to 30,000 years ago
-Were large, thick-browed hominids
-Became extinct a few thousand years after the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe
-Had brain sizes as big or bigger than our own
-Neanderthals used fire, and buried their dead in a ritualistic fashion
–Made flutes? |
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Term
| Three species of Homo outside of Africa |
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Definition
-Homo erectus colonized Asia perhaps 1 mya
-Homo neanderthalensis appeared in Europe approx 300,000 years ago
-Homo sapiens colonized Eurasia 50,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
| Candelabra, Multiregional, Out of Afria |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern humans evolved in parallel from Homo erectus in Europe, Asia, and Africa with little or no gene flow among regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Modern humans evolved in parallel in Africa, Europe and Asia with some gene flow among regions |
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Term
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Definition
-Homo sapiens arose in Africa after other homo species
-Homo sapiens supplanted H.neanderthalensis and H.erectus after leaving Afria |
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Term
| Phylogeny of human mitochondrial DNA indicates |
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Definition
| oldest lineages are African |
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Term
| Molecular clock evidence fits which hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitochondrial DNA tree of humans and Neanderthals indicates |
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Definition
| that Neanderthals did not contribute to the mitochondrial DNA diversity of modern humans |
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Term
| Possible interpretation of data from mitochondrial sequencing |
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Definition
-Homo sapiens that came out of Africa encountered Neanderthals and some mixing took place
-This is what is found in the genomes of non-African humans
-No evidence in mitochondria because of uniparental transmission of mitochondrial genomes or selection against Neanderthal mitochondria in largely H. sapiens genomes
-very new science thus subject to falsification as new data and analytical methods arise |
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Term
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Definition
-Skulls date to 18,000 years ago, some perhaps even more recent
-not microcephalic
-Skull and brain case resemble H. erectus more than H. sapiens, though much smaller than either
-H. floresiensis could represent H. erectus living much closer to the present day than previously thought, concurrently with modern humans |
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Term
| Island gigantism/dwarfism |
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Definition
body sizes on islands often larger or smaller than on mainland
-Pygmy mammoths=true life oxymoron |
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Term
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Definition
There are two clades of head/body lice that diverged about the same time as the split between H. sapiens and H. erectus
-Could we have acquired this second clade from contact with H. erectus? |
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Term
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Definition
-Gene is a transcription factor, turning on other genes involved in brain and nervous system development
-Mutations in this gene cause unintelligible speech
-Gene is highly conserved among most mammals |
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Term
| Which hypothesis best fits current data |
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Definition
out of africa
-No evidence of genetic mixture between H. sapiens and other Homo species |
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