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Definition
-most are unicellular but some form colonies (cooperation makes them multicellular): ex. gingivitis/dental plaque
-can thrive everywhere
-variety of shapes
-move via flagella
-cell wall
-lack complex compartmentalization
-reproduce by binary fission |
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Definition
| live at high temperatures |
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Definition
| live in high saline environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
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Term
| Amount of genetic diversity among prokaryotes |
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Definition
| far greater than among all Eucarya put together |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism |
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Term
| Five Kingdoms (how it used to be) |
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Definition
| Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
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Term
| Prokaryotes divided into 2 domains |
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Definition
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Term
| Archaea and Eukarya share a more recent common ancestor than do |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotic Success driven by |
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Definition
| structural, metabolic, and genetic adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller than eukaryotic (1/10th to 1/100th) |
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Term
| 3 most common shapes of prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
| spheres(cocci), rods(bacilli), and spirals |
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Term
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Definition
| in a heterogeneous environment, they exhibit taxis or the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains cell shape, provides protection, and prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environment |
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Term
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Definition
| peptidoglycan- different from archean and eukaryote cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| technique that enables scientists to classify bacteria species into two groups: Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative |
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Term
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Definition
have cell wall with large amount of peptidoglycan that traps the violet dye in the cytoplasm
-violet dye cannot be rinsed from cytoplasm thereby masking the added red dye |
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Term
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Definition
have less peptidoglycan of which is located in a layer between the plasma membrane and outer membrane
-violet dye can be rinsed from the cytoplasm and thus the cell appears pink or red after red dye is added |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles, and cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| circular ring of DNA - single chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller rings of DNA usually not vital to normal functioning but allow for resistance to antibiotics |
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Term
| Reproduction facilitates… |
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Definition
adaption
-rapid reproduction, large population sizes, and horizontal gene transfer facilitate the evolution of prokaryotes to changing environments |
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Term
| Phototrophs receive energy from |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemotrphos receive energy from |
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Definition
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Term
| Autotrophs receive Carbon from |
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Definition
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Term
| Heterotrophs receive carbon from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-live in sulfurous hot springs
-use sulfur as energy source
-get carbon from CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
-fissures in a planet's surface
-geothermically heated water spews
-rich in minerals
-communities in these thermal vents are often very deep where theres no light and thus rely on chemoautorophic arch for primary production |
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Definition
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Definition
| can survive with or without oxygen |
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Definition
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Definition
-produces protein that causes disease botulism
-nerve toxin causes musculoskeletal paralysis, very lethal
-lives in canned foods
-killed by high temps |
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Term
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Definition
allows prokaryotes to use environmental resources they could not use as individual cells
-in some species this occurs in surface coating colonies called biofilms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If prokaryotes where to disappear |
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Definition
| prospects for any other life surviving would be slim since prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
-chemical recycling between living and nonliving components of the environment in ecosystems
-chemoheterotrohpic prokaryotes function as decomposers
-nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes add usable nitrogen to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| many prokaryotes live with other organisms with symbiotic relationships such as mutualism and commensalism |
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Term
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Definition
| bobtail squid and its light organ |
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Term
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Definition
cause half of all human diseases
-ex. lyme disease
-cause disease by releasing exotoxins or endotoxins |
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Term
| Western Fence Lizard and Lyme disease |
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Definition
lyme disease infected ticks feed on blood of these lizards
-lizards blood destroys the bacteria |
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Term
| Biotechnologist's toolkit filled with prokaryotes because |
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Definition
| -can be used to cut DNA in specific places, to make many copies of a piece of DNA, and to insert a gene taken from one organism into another |
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Term
| Cutting DNA in specific places requires |
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Definition
| restriction endonucleases from e.coli and other bacteria |
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Term
| Making many copies of a piece of DNA can be done by |
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Definition
-plasmid from e.coli which the DNA is inserted to. Plasmid is then inserted back into e.coli to grow many copies
-PCR |
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Term
| Inserting a gene taken from organism to another can be achieved by |
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Definition
| Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens which causes crown galls in plants |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) |
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Definition
| any specific segment within a DNA sample can be copied many times using this method (alternative to E.coli plasmids) |
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Term
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Definition
| most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells |
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Term
| Prokaryotes are principle agents in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| determining whether individuals share a core human microbiome |
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