Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
essential trace amounts
growth metabolism function
yield no E but facilitate E rxns
if none in diet = deficiency
organic |
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Term
|
Definition
inorganic - essential in trace amounts
for metabolism function metabolism
yield no E but needed for E rxns |
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Term
| TPN - total parental nutrition |
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Definition
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Term
fat soluble vitamins
characteristics |
|
Definition
-hydrophobic
-large storage pools
-too much = toxic b/c harder to secrete them
-years worth stored in body
-absorption usually in SI along with lipids
-- bile
-- if lipid absorption is disrupted so is fat soluble vitamin absorption |
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Term
water soluble vitamins
characteristics |
|
Definition
- hydrophilic
- easily excreted by body
- small storage pools (1-4 weeks usually)
except B12 and B6 ( larger stores) |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin not in diet and body stores exhausted |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin intake/storage exceed upper limit |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
3 forms
and enzymes |
|
Definition
retionl (OH) --> retinal (CHO) --> retinoic acid (COOH)
retinol dehydrogenase --> retinal dehydrogenase
retinal dehydrogenase is inhibited by alcohol -- may result in FAS |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
carotenoids |
|
Definition
over 400 orange or yellow pigments
carotenoids can be split into retinals
Beta carotene is most easily split into 2 retinals and then oxidized |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
best food sources |
|
Definition
| sweet potatoes, spinach, mangos, carrots, beef liver |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
functions:
vision |
|
Definition
rhodopsin (active) has cis retinal
cis retinal --> trans retinal (by light)
trans retinal isomerized by RPE65 --> cis retinal --> rhodopsin (active)
OR
trans retinal made into protein opsin --> rhodopsin (active) |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
functions:
retinal |
|
Definition
cures blindness but ALSO found in new function it represses ADIPOGENESIS (formation of fat cells)
--> diet induced obesity in mice |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
functions:
retinoic acid (COOH) |
|
Definition
hormone signal
-- induces new gene expression
-- immunity (especially in GI tract)
-- structural integrity of tissues |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
- leading cause of childhood blindness in developing countries
-- more than 500,000 children per year
1. blindness
- xeropthalmia: loss of mucus -> dry eye -> cornea sloughs off
- night blindness: too little retinal to regenerate rhodopsin
2. infections
- immunity is impaired especially in GI tract
3. skin dysfunction
- skin becomes very rough b/c hair follicle make keratin (hyperkeratosis) |
|
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
requirements |
|
Definition
international unit (old)
retinol activity equivalent (RAE)= 1 ug retinol
adults:
900 ug RAE men = 3000 IU
700 ug RAE women = 2,300 IU |
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Term
Vitamin A
retinoids
very hyrdophobic.
toxicity symptoms |
|
Definition
from animal sources only
UL 3000ug/day = 10,000 IU
* Beta carotene supplements: ^ risk of lung cancer in smokers
Symptoms:
1. acute symptoms: nausea, headache, dizzyness
2. chronic symptoms: liver damage, hair, bone loss
3. teratogen: birth defects and spontaneous abortion |
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|
Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
3 forms, locations, rxns |
|
Definition
vitamin D3 - Cholecalciferal (from diet)
(LIVER + OH)
--> hydroxy D3 (lasts 2-3 weeks)
(KIDNEY + OH)
--> dihydroxy D3 (ACTIVE) only stable for 12-24 hours in body
from diet or make in our skin from sunlight --> pro vitamin D --> cholecalciferal
-- less efficient in older people (>70)
-- dark colored skins less efficient |
|
|
Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
Functions |
|
Definition
1. calcium homeostasis
- ^ calcium absorption by intestine and supports bone growth in young
- if calcium levels low, Vit. D needed for extraction of calcium from bone (keep calcium levels high)
- calcium needed by nerves and muscles (too low and heart might stop)
2. hormone effects
- differentiation of skin cells, inhibits development of breast, colon, prostate cancers
3. supports resistance to infection |
|
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Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
sources |
|
Definition
- fish oil, fortified milk
- animal forms (most efficient): D3
- vegetable forms: D2 (less efficient) |
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Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
rickets:
- bow legged + head and rib cage enlarge
-- lack of calcium and phosphorous to mineralize bones
-- if caught early can be reversed by vitamin D and calcium treatments |
|
|
Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
requirements |
|
Definition
institute of medicine 2010
- adults 15 ug/day if less than 70
- adults 20 ug/day if more than 70 |
|
|
Term
Vitamin D
hormone
fat soluble
toxicity |
|
Definition
depletion of calcium from bone
calcium deposits in the soft tissue
new UL 100 ug/day |
|
|
Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble |
|
Definition
alpha tocepherals = most active
mixed tocepherals = best as supplement
antioxidant in lipid |
|
|
Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
functions |
|
Definition
- stabilizes free electrons by binding them so they can't react further
- lots of antioxidant defenses
- can't completely remove all ROS, otherwise organs are very susceptible to illness |
|
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Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
what are oxidants |
|
Definition
oxidants or reactive oxygen species (ROS)
O2 gains electron --> O2- (super oxide anion) --> gains an electron --> H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) --> 2 (OH*) (hydroxy radical)
super oxide anion (O2-) and hydroxy radical (OH*) cause the most damage
RNS: NO nitric oxide -- most reactive and most toxic |
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Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
effects of ROS
benefits and harms |
|
Definition
- produced by respiration, environmental toxins, immune system
- benefits:
-- used by immune system to kill pathogens
-- used in apoptosis (programmed cell death)
- used for signaling
- harmful properties:
-- produce harmful chain reactions
-- destroy/modify nucleic acids, proteins, membranes
-- ^ inflammation and risk of cancer and CVD |
|
|
Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
werner syndrome and progeria (accelerated aging) |
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Definition
| - amount of oxidative damage to macromolecules correlates with age |
|
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Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
deficiency |
|
Definition
| - hemolysis (blood releasing) and RBC sensitive to oxidative damage |
|
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Term
Vitamin E
alpha tocepherals
fat soluble
upper limit and toxic effects |
|
Definition
- 1000 mg/day
symptoms: hemorrhaging and flu like symptoms |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B1
thiamin
water soluble
active form, function, reactive group |
|
Definition
B1 = CH2CH2OH
thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP): ACTIVE B1 = CH2CH2-PP
- primarily involved in decarboxylation reactions
pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ --> AcCoA + NADH + CO2
* reactive group: thiazole ring (attacks adjacent carbonyl) |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B1
thiamin
water soluble
requirements |
|
Definition
RDA: 1-1.5 mg/day
no upper limit - destroyed by heat |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B1
thiamin
water soluble
experiment:
in vitro activity of transketolase (TK) |
|
Definition
- take RBC and make a lysate
--TK activity assay
deficient: an addition of TPP --> ^ in RBC lysate
sufficient: an addition of TPP --> RBC levels stay the same
- Diabetes: RBC TK activity fine
BUT B1 excretion is 15x higher than normal and blood levels 75% lower
= transport more TPP into their cells |
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|
Term
Vitamin B1
thiamin
water soluble
deficiency symptoms |
|
Definition
beriberi:
- weak, poorly coordinated, thin, apathetic, loss of short term memory
- CNS and GI dysfunctions and muscle fatigue: organs with high E consumption (appears in 1-2 weeks)
- found in poor countries where people rely on refined grams for most (80%) calories |
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Term
Vitamin B1
thiamin
water soluble
effect of alcohol |
|
Definition
- alcohol inhibits B1 absorption, stimulates B1 excretion
- wernicke/korsakoff syndrome in alcoholics:
due to thiamin deficiency
---staggering gait, derangement, eye trouble |
|
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Term
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
water soluble
active and inactive forms |
|
Definition
vit. B2: riboflavin: CH2OH
- FAD: ACTIVE CH2-PP-big rings -- makes urine yellow
- FADHS: ACTIVE (N1 and N5 reduced)
redox reaction:
eg
dehydrogenation
FA oxidation (1st step)
TCA cycle |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
water soluble
requirements |
|
Definition
requirements
RDA: 1.2-1.8 mg/d
- no UL
- heat stable |
|
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Term
Vitamin B2
riboflavin
water soluble
deficiency |
|
Definition
deficiency develops after 2 month of deprivation
- glossitis: inflammed tongue, throat, mouth
- anemia and fatigue |
|
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Term
Vitamin B3
niacin
water soluble
active and inactive forms |
|
Definition
- inactive:
nicotinamide-B3
nitrogen ring-CONH2
- active:
NAD+
R group on nitrogen ring -- oxidized
NADH
reduced form of above
NADPH
R group and P group on nitrogen ring -- reduced |
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|
Term
Vitamin B3
niacin
water soluble
functions |
|
Definition
- redox reactions
--NADH formation, glycolysis, TCA = job is to trap E
-- NADPH = biosynthetic reactions, eg. FA biosynthesis |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B3
niacin
water soluble
sources |
|
Definition
half diet and half tryptophan
- protein is a good source |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B3
niacin
water soluble
requirements |
|
Definition
14-19 mg/d
UL: 35 mg/d only 1 symptom "flushing" other wise UL would be very high |
|
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Term
Vitamin B3
niacin
water soluble
deficiency and toxicity |
|
Definition
- Pellegra: dementia, delirium, diarrhea, dermatitis, 2 months after intake stops
corn, niacin bound by protin -- need lime water/alkaline to make it available
- treats atherosclerosis
megadoses: 1.5-2 g/d = lowers LDL and raises HDL
toxicity:
flushing, swollen tongue, GI problems, and liver damage |
|
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Term
Vitamin B6
PLP - pyridoxal phosphate
pyridine derivative
water soluble
active and inactive forms |
|
Definition
inactive:
nitrogen ring - CH2OH = B6 pyridoxal
active: functions in over 100 enzymes including transaminases
Phosphate group added to hydroxyl group
nitrogen ring - CH2-P = B6 PLP pyridoxal phosphate |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B6
PLP - pyridoxal phosphate
pyridine derivative
water soluble
PLP involved in |
|
Definition
AA metabolism
heme synthesis
NT synthesis
transaminase (move amino group from 1 carbon skeleton to another)
CHO (PLP) + amino group --> shiff base (added amino group to CHO) --> NH2-PLP (PMP) |
|
|
Term
Vitamin B6
PLP - pyridoxal phosphate
pyridine derivative
water soluble
requirements + UL |
|
Definition
RDA: 1.3-1.7 mg/d
UL: 100 mg/d --> nerve damage
- heat resistant
- too much heat, destroyed B6 in baby formula
-- infant deficiency --> convulsions
-- adult deficiency --> dermatitis, anemia, convulsions (not enough NT) |
|
|
Term
classic diet (5 months lose 10 pounds)
low fat and low carb |
|
Definition
due to low fat intake
low fat -> lose 10 lbs
versus
low carb -> lose 15 lbs
success from:
- more attention to food intake (eating less)
- high protein suppresses appetite (eating less)
- carb specific: loss of glycogen and water
low carb diet --> weight loss because of water loss (atkins - carb specific loss of glycogen and water_ |
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Term
| physical problems with diet |
|
Definition
- loss of glycogen reserve
- ketoacidosis (acidy blood, low carb diet) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increase intake of plant based foods |
|
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Term
| percentage of dieters who go on to have eating disorders |
|
Definition
| dieting (35%) -> pathological dieting (20-25%) -> eating disorders |
|
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Term
age of eating disorder development and percent with it
and women and men percentages |
|
Definition
85% of eating disorders developed in adolescence and early adulthood
estimated 5-10 million women and 1 million men have eating disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
extreme weight loss (BMI less than 17.5) or self enforced semi starvation 300-600 kcal/day
distorted body image
irration fear of weight gain
can lead to anemia, amenorrhea (absence of 3 or more menstrual cycles), depression, osteoprosis, nutrient deficiencies and 10% evenetually die
UCSD study: eating leads to dopamine release -- normal people respond with pleasure, anorexic women respond with anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| cannot stop eating beyond satiation (the point of being full) at least 2 times a week, often is chronic and persistent |
|
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Term
|
Definition
episodes of binge eating followed by purging
complications:
acid from vomiting --> stomach ulcers, torn esophagus, severe tooth decay
loss of potassium --> cardiac arrest |
|
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Term
| frequency of eating disorders - relative levels for risk groups |
|
Definition
anorexia 1% women 0.3% men -- 1.7 years long
bulimia 1.5% women 0.5% men -- lasts 8.3 years
binge eating
3.5% women and 2% men lasts 8.1 years |
|
|
Term
| solutions for losing weight |
|
Definition
1. control then reduce energy intake
2. increase energy expenditure through physical exercise
3. implement life long beneficial habits |
|
|
Term
| habits of successful dieters |
|
Definition
- closely monitored weight and food intake
-exercise more than an hour a day
- don't skip breakfast |
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|
Term
treatments for losing weight
medications |
|
Definition
type 1 - appetite suppressors
- epi and norepi enhancers: amphetamin-like enhance norepi release + norepi reuptake inhibitor
- serotonin enhancers: serotonin agonist
Type 2 - fat absorption inhibitors
- orlistat: inhibits fat digestion, reduces absorption of fat in SI, side effects include fat deposited in feces, reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamin, involuntary projectile diarrhea |
|
|
Term
treatments for losing weight
bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
1. gastric bypass: seals off most of stomach, shunt SI to bypass most of stomach and duodenum = limit access
2. gastric banding: around cardiac sphincter, limits amount of food into stomach = LIMIT FLOW
3. vertical bonded gastroplasty: seal off top of stomach, access bottom part of stomach which slows down flow and limits access = LIMIT FLOW AND ACCESS |
|
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Term
| problems with bariatric surgery |
|
Definition
| 40% of patients have severe complications |
|
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Term
|
Definition
removing adipose tissue from unsightly areas
- after 1 year no net loss of fat
-fat returns to abdomen not thighs (most dangerous) |
|
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Term
| appetite regulatory system |
|
Definition
| adipose (leptin) <-> nervous system (hypotphalamus, brain stem, vagus nerve) <-> GI track (ghrelin, obestatin) |
|
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Term
| hypothalamus -- controls and centers |
|
Definition
- regulates appetite and energy balance
-feeding centers: regulate appetite (lesions reduce food intake and can lead to starvation and death)
- satiety centers: regulate sense of fullness (lesions increase food intake can lead to obesity and lethargy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ghrelin:
stimulates food intake (appetite enhancer) via hyp.
produced by endocrine cells in the stomach and upper GI tract
induces weight gain
28 amino acid hormone
- obestatin
suppresses food intake (appetite suppressor via hyp)
produced by endocrine cells in the stomach and upper GI tract
induces weight loss
23 amino acid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leptin:
- produced by adipose cells
-appetite suppressor via CNS
- increases glucagon levels
- reduces food intake and adipose mass in rats
-167 AA hormone encoded by Ob gene
- Ob mutatants are obese and type 2 diabetic |
|
|
Term
| sources of foodborne illness |
|
Definition
major factor: industrialization and centralization of food processing
- raw produce, poultry, beef, seafood
- food pathogens: bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and protein |
|
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Term
| Symptoms of Foodborne Illness |
|
Definition
-GI track distress (abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea
- hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) -- acute renal kidney failure, damaged RBC clog kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mostly people less than 4
- toxin destroys epithelial lining in SI and LI --> fever and diarrhea
- biggest source is uncooked poultry |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- severe GI problems (abd. cramps, bloody diarrhea)
- kidney failure (HUS)
- sources: food contaminated with fecal material (raw or undercooked meat, raw eggs, raw milk and produce) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
most deadly
- intracellular bacterium
- hardy: grows in refrigerators and resists heat but killed by pasteurization
- sources: food contaminated with fecal material
- common: cold cuts, hot dogs, smoked seafood, raw milk |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- RNA virus related to poliovirus
- attacks liver
-easily trasnmitted by food and water droplets
- classic source is uncooked shellfish (oysters) grown in areas exposed to human sewage but also raw veggies/fruits from infected food handlers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- most common cause of gastroenteritis from viruses
- approx 20 million a year in US
- nursing homes, restaruants, dorms, cruise ships
- previously not thought severe but recent data show 800 people die a year in US
- sources: similar to Hep A (shellfish and food handlers) |
|
|
Term
food allergies
allergies v. intolerance
symptoms |
|
Definition
allergies: adverse response to food mediated by immune system
intolerance: adverse response to food not mediated by immune system
- mostly children 8 percent:
- immune response to food allergens mediated by IgE
primary response: IgE Abs to components of food
2ndry respons: IgE receptors on mast cells react with allergens -- cells rupture releasing histamines and other mediators -- triggers cascade of allergic reactions (affect respirator system and GI tract and cause inflammation)
Symptoms: several min to 2 hours:
hives, asthma, vomiting, drop in BP, loss of consciousness
- anaphylaxis: most severe, systemic allergic reaction that can be fatal |
|
|
Term
food allergies
where most common |
|
Definition
90% of true food allergies are to:
milk, egg, peanut, tree nut, fish, shellfish, soy, wheat/corn
children: peanuts and milk at 25 percent each shellfish at 17
most children outgrow allergies to milk, eggs, wheat, soy by 5 but only 20 percent outgrow peanut and only 10 percent outgrow tree nut allergies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- autoimmune, inflammatory disorder of the SI
-triggered by gluten proteins in wheat, barley, and rye
- found in 0.5-1% of population
- causes GI distress, lactose intolerance, depression, fatigue
- untreated: anemia, osteoporosis and cancer of GI tract
- requires specific HLA antigens to work (strong genetic component) present in 30% of population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adverse reactions to food - not involved immune system
- body responds to food component or cannot digest the food
- usually require greater quantities to trigger response than allergies
ex: lactose intolrance: GI lacks lactase, digests lactose in SI |
|
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Term
|
Definition
gluten protein -> stable oligopeptide -> modified oligopeptide (by transglutaminase) which is recognized as foreign to the body --> causes inflammatory response ---- attacks and damages SI
- need right HLA haplotype present
- 30% of pop. susceptible to HLA genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
types of toxins:
carcinogens, neurotoxins, endocrine disruptors (hormone mimics that disrupt development), taratogens (cause birth defects)
-important concepts in toxicology:
-bioaccumulation (concentration in food chain)
- synergic effects: combo of toxins compound toxicity
- most vulnerable pop.: infants, elderly, pregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- potent neurotoxin
- impairs brain development in children
-symtpoms: weakness, dizziness, anemia, poor appetite, bizarre and aggressive behavior
- was used as a gasoline additive (now illegal) and in household paint |
|
|
Term
| oakland tribune - commonweal study |
|
Definition
Berkeley family tested for over 200 environmental toxins
- expected no tocins
- but high levels PBDE in children (flame retard)
US average adult: 35 ppb
daughter had 490 and son had 838
behavior changes in rats at 300 pbb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compounds found in most people (>90%)
-PFOA: carcinogen and liver toxin
- nonstick cotaings, microwave popcorn bags, carpet cleaners
- preg woman with high PFOA are 3 times likely to have daughters who will be overweight
- bisphenol A: endorcrine disruptor
- found in epoxy resins and plastics
- banned in canada and eu for baby bottles but allowed in US
PBDE: teratogen, neuro and liver toxin, fire retard - 97 percent of US pop have in body
phtalates: neurotoxin impairs neurodevelopment leading to behavioral problems in children (aggression, ADD, depression)
-used in plasticizers |
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