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| a highly specific cell-surface receptor embedded in a cell membrane that responds only to a specific message molecule |
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| multipass transmembrane protein that forms a central pore and is chemically triggered to open or close |
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| a protein that binds guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and assists in the function of cell-surface receptors. When the receptor binds its signal molecule, the G protein binds GTP and is activated to start a chain of events within the cell |
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| multistage amplification : the use of two or more electron tubes each amplifying the output of the preceding |
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| : a class of enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group |
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| : a signal receptor that binds to ligand inside a cell, such as the receptors for NO, steroid hormones, vitamin D, and thyroid hormones |
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| also known as a catalytic receptor is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side |
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| an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins, changing their activity |
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a small molecule or ion that carries the message from a receptor on the target cell surface into the cytoplasm. |
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| : a cell surface protein that binds a signal molecule and converts the extracellular signal into an intracellular one |
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| G-protein-coupled receptors |
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(GPCR) A receptor that acts through heterotrimeric (three component) G protein to activate effector proteins. The effector proteins then function as enzymes to produce second messengers such as cAMP or IP3. |
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| a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction |
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| an enzyme that produces large amounts of cAMP from ATP; the cAMP acts as a second messenger in a target cell |
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