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| Living things are different from how they began. A change from simple to complex |
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| All populations of a particular kind of organism together form a species |
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| A group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. |
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| A permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence, alteration of gene position, gene loss or duplication, and insertion of foreign sequences. |
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| The differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the environment; leads to evolutionary change. |
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| Change in the genetic structure of populations due to selective breeding by humans. Many domestic animal breeds and crop varieties have been produced through artificial selection. |
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| Refers to similar structures that have the same evolutionary origin |
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| Structures that are similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly |
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| A reference to an accepted general principle or body of knowledge |
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| The logical application of general principles to predict a specific result. In science, deductive reasoning is used to test the validity of general ideas. |
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| The logical application of specific observations to make a generalization. In science, inductive reasoning is used to formulate testable hypotheses. |
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| In evolutionary theory, the method in which the rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time. |
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| The smallest unit of an element that contains all teh characteristics of that element. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. |
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| Negatively charged subatomic particles in the oribtals of an atom. |
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| Positively charged subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom. |
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| Subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom with no charge. |
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| Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemcial means. |
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| A group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association |
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| A molecule that contains atoms of more than one element. |
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| The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. |
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| Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons |
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| Isotopes which undergo radioactive decay. |
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| The time it takes for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay. |
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| When an atom gives up or accepts an electron to obtain a positive or negative charge an a full valence shell |
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| An atom with more protons than electrons has a net positive charge |
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| An atom having fewer protons than electrons and a net negative charge. |
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| Atoms tend to establish full outer energy levels. |
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| Electrons in the outermost energy level (shell) of the different elements. |
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| The process of atoms combining to form a molecule; either ionic or covalent |
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| When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| When atoms with opposite charges attract each other |
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Polar covalent bond where partial positve hydrogen is attracted to partically negative atoms.
Example water |
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The force of attraction between like molecules. Cohesion provides the force that holds up a column of water in the xylem tissue of plants without it breaking. |
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| A distinction is usually made between an adhesive force, which acts to hold two separate bodies together (or to stick one body to another) and a cohesive force, which acts to hold together |
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| The property of a liquid that makes it behaves as if its surface is enclosed in an elastic skin. The property results from intermolecular forces: a molecule in the interior of a liquid experiences a force of attraction from other molecules equally from all sides, whereas a molecule at the surface is only uleattracted by molecules below it in the liquid. |
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- a molecule or surface that can resist wetting or solvation by water. The ability is characteristic of non-polar compounds. “water fearing” |
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| a molecule that is “water loving” substance that is soluable in water |
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| the nucleus of a hydrogen atom separated from its accompanying electron. The hydrogen nucleus is made up of a particle carrying a unit positive electric charge, called a proton. The isolated hydrogen ion, represented by the symbol H+, is therefore customarily used to represent a proton. |
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The most common base is the hydroxide ion (OH−), which reacts with an H+ ion to form a water molecule.H+ + OH− → HOH (usually written H2O) |
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A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH upon the addition of acid or base |
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A molecule in which, though it does not carry a net electric charge, the electrons are unequally shared between the nuclei. |
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| a bond with an equal sharing of electrons |
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