Term
| Chemotherapy is based on what principle? |
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Definition
Principle of selective toxicity
Chemotherapeutic drugs inhibits fx in invading organisms or neoplastic cells that differ from fx in host cells |
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Term
What are the categories of Chemotherapeutic Drugs? |
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Definition
Antimicrobials
antibacterials
antifungals
antivirals
Antiparasitics
Antineoplastics |
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Term
| What does Bactericidal mean for Antimicrobials? |
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Definition
kills sensitive organisms sot that the number of viable organisms falls rapidly after exposure to the drug
GOOD for immunocompromised |
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Term
What does Bacteriostatic mean? |
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Definition
| Inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them |
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Term
| What is the variance in the Antimicrobial Spectrum? |
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Definition
Narrow
Extended
Broad
Want to use Narrow spectrum if species is known in order to prevent the development of resistance |
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Term
| What are the Resistance pattern for Antimicrobials? |
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Definition
-
Mutation and Selection
-
Transferable resistance
-
Inactivation of drug by microbial enzymes(Most Common) - B-lactamase
-
Decreased accumulation of Drug (increased efflux or decreased uptake)
-
Changes shape of target molecule
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Term
What effects the selection of Antimicrobial Drugs |
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Definition
Host factors:
Pregnancy
Allergies
Immune status
Abscess
Foreign bodies - need to removed
Renal/hepatic impairment
Drug Characteristics - Which drug kills which bug? |
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|
Term
Antagonistic drugs
definition and example |
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Definition
combined effect is less than either drug alone
Aminoglycoside + chloramphenicol for Enterobacteriaceae |
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Term
| Which drug even if you have a single infection must you use a combo of drugs to treat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do you treat mixed infections with more than one drug? |
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Definition
| More infections = more types of bacteria = more than one drug treatment |
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Term
| What type of infections usually call for Empiric treatment? |
|
Definition
Serious infections
Nosocomial infections
require Vancomycin for MRSA + aminoglycoside or cephalosporin for gram - bacilli |
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Term
| When is prophylactic therapy allowed? |
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Definition
Endocarditis pts given amoxicillin before dental surgery
Surgery - patient given before first cut
Prevention of Disease Transmission -
Meningococcal Infections
Malaria
Influenza A
Tuberculosis |
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Term
| Which type of cell has no outer membrane but a thickened cell wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the Penicillin Binding Proteins located and why are they important? |
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Definition
Found in the Cytoplasmic membrane
they are the enzymes required for cell wall synthesis |
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Term
What are the Beta Lactam Antibiotics |
|
Definition
Penicillins
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Carbapenems |
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|
Term
What is the structure of Penicillins |
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Definition
| Beta lactam 4 sided ring fused to thiazolidone ring |
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Term
| What is the general half life of Penicillins? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the acid stable Penicillins and what does that mean |
|
Definition
Amoxicillin, Dicloxacillin, Penicillin V
can be taken orally |
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Term
| What are some Acid labile Penicillins and what does that mean |
|
Definition
Penicillin G, Piperacillin, Ticarcillin
Must be given parenterally
can be destroyed by stomach acids |
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|
Term
which Penicillin lasts for 24 hours?
Which lasts for weeks? |
|
Definition
Procaine Penicillin
Benzathine Penicillin |
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Term
| What are the Narrow Spectrum Penicillins and what are they good for? |
|
Definition
Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Procaine Pcn and Benzathine Pcn
Good for Meningococcus, Stretococcus, Syphilis |
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Term
| What are Antistaphylococcal Penicillins and what are they good for? |
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Definition
Methicillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin
Staphylococcal infections of skin, bone, heart (endocartitis or valvular infx)
NOT GOOD for MRSA |
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Term
| What do the Extended Spectrum Penicillins work good for? |
|
Definition
Strep
E. Coli
H. flu
Listeria monocytogenes - AMPICILLIN
|
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Term
| How are penicillins dispersed? |
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Definition
| Dispersed in units 1 million units = 0.6 g |
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|
Term
What are the Adverse effects of Penicillins? |
|
Definition
IgE sensitive cause hive and anaphylaxis
Interstitial nephritis
Serum Sickness
Hepatitis
Seizures
Pseudomembranous colitis |
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Term
| What are the suicide inhibitors and what are the common drug names associated with them? |
|
Definition
clavulanate, tazobactam and sulbactam
Amoxicillin + clavulanate = Augmentin
Ticarcillin + clavulanate = Timenten
Piperacillin + tazobactam = Zosyn
Ampicillin + sulbactam = Unasyn |
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Term
Which Penicillin is indicated for the outpatient treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis?
What form do you take it in? |
|
Definition
Penicillin V
Oral - with empty stomach |
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Term
| What are the Narrow Spectrum Penicillins and what are they good for? |
|
Definition
Penicillin G - given by injection
Penicillin V- given orally
Meningococcus, Streptococcus, Spirochetes (syphilis) |
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Term
What is the sole indication for using Antistaphylococcal drugs?
What are those drugs? |
|
Definition
Infection by B-lactamase producing staphylococci
Methicillin - only used in lab
Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin - given orally |
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Term
| What Penicillin is good for Staphylococcal infections of the skin, bone and heart but not for MRSA? |
|
Definition
Antistaphylococcal
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Dicloxacillin |
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Term
| Which Antimicrobial is good for treatment of Strep, E. coli, H. flu, Listeria monocytogenes? |
|
Definition
Extended Spectrum Penicillins
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Carboxypenicillin - Ticarcillin
Ureidopenicillin - Piperacillin |
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