Term
Biological Psychology
(1.1) |
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Definition
| the study of the physiological evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experiences. |
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Term
| What is the dorsal view of the brain?(1.1) |
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Definition
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Term
Whats the ventral view of the brain?
(1.1) |
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Definition
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Term
whats the posterior view of the brain?
(1.1) |
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Definition
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Term
whats the anterior view of the brain/Nervous System?
(1.1)(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two types of cells in the brain?
(1.1) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
convey messages to one another and to muscles and glands.
they very enormously in size, shape and function |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller than neurons, but do not convey information over great distances |
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Term
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION Explanation.... of behavior
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs. IT deals with the machinery of the body |
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Term
ONTOGENETIC explanation of behavior
(1.1) |
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Definition
| describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, and their interactions |
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Term
EVOLUTIONARY explanation of behavior
(1.1) |
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Definition
| reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior |
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Term
FUNCTIONAL explanation of behavior
(1.1) |
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Definition
| describes why a structure or a behavior evolved as it did |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a small, isolated population, a gene that spreads by accident |
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Term
How does evolutionary perspective differ from a functional explanation?
(1.1) |
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Definition
| An evolutionary explanation states what evolved from what. For example, humans evolved from early primates and therefore have certain features that we inherited from those ancestors, even if the features are not useful to us today. A functional explanation states why something was advantageous and therefore evolutionarily selected. |
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Term
Mind-Body/Mind-Brain Problem
(1.1) |
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Definition
| What is the relationship between the mind and the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that the mind and the body are different kinds of substances that exist independently |
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Term
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Definition
| Defended dualism, suggested that the mind and the brain interact at a single point in space, which he suggested the pineal gland |
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Term
Why do neuroscientists reject dualism?
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Dualism conflicts with one of the cornerstones of physics, known as the law of the conservation of matter and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that the universe consists of only one kind of substances |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that everything that exist is material or physical. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that only the mind really exist and that the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it. |
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Term
Identity Position (Monism)
(1.1) |
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Definition
| The view that mental processes and certain kinds of brain processes are the same thing, described in different terms. |
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Term
What is the main reason nearly all scientist and philosophers reject the idea of dualism?
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Dualism contradicts the law of the conservation of matter and energy. According to that law, the only way to influence matter and energy, including that of your body is to act on it with other matter and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| I alone exist, or I alone am conscious. |
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Term
What is "The problem of the minds"?
(1.1) |
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Definition
| The difficulty of knowing whether other people (or animals) have conscious experiences. |
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Term
Who distinguished between the hard and easy problem of consciousness?
(1.1) |
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Definition
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Term
The Easy Problem of Consciousness
(1.1) |
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Definition
| What is the difference between wakefulness and sleep and the mechanisms that enable us to focus our attention? |
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Term
The Hard Problem of Consciousness
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with consciousness? |
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Term
What is meant by the Hard Problem?
(1.1) |
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Definition
| The hard problem is why minds exist at all in a physical world. Why is there such a thing as consciousness, and how does it relate to brain activity? |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies anatomy, biochemistry, or physiology of the nervous system. |
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Term
Behavioral Neuroscientist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Investigates how functioning of the brain and other organs influence behavior. |
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Term
Cognitive Neuroscientist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Uses brain research, such as scans of brain anatomy or activity, to analyze and explore people's knowledge, thinking, and problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure heart rate, breathing rate, brain waves, and other body processes and how they vary from one person to another or one situation to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigates the chemical reactions in the brain. |
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Term
Comparative Psychologist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Relates behavior, especially social behaviors, including those of humans, to the functions they have served and, therefore, the presumed selective pressures that caused them to evolve. |
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Term
Practitioner Fields of Psychology
(1.1) |
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Definition
| In most cases, their work is not directly related to neuroscience. However practitioners often need to understand it enough to communicate with a clients's physician. |
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Term
Clinical Psychologist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Requires PhD or PsyD. Employed by hospital, clinic, private practice, or college. Helps people with emotional problems. |
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Term
Counseling Psychologist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Requires PhD or PsyD. Employed by hospital, clinic, private practice, or college. Helps people make educational, vocational, and other decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires master's degree or PhD. Most are employed by a school system. Identifies educational needs of schoolchildren, devises a plan to meet the needs, and then helps teachers implement it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Practicing medicine requires an MD plus about 4 years of additional study and practice in a specialization. Physicians are employed by hospitals, clinics, medical schools and in private practice. Some conduct research in addition to seeing patients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treats people with brain damage or diseases of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helps people with emotional distress or troublesome behaviors, sometimes using drugs or other medical procedures |
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Term
Allied Medical Field
(1.1) |
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Definition
| These fields ordinarily requires a master's degree or more. Practitioners are employed by hospitals, clinics, private practice, and medical schools. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides exercise and other treatments to help people with muscle or nerve problems, pain, or anything else that impairs movement |
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Term
Occupational Therapist
(1.1) |
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Definition
| Helps people improve their ability to perform functions of daily life, for example, after a stroke. |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps people deal with personal and family problems. The activities of a clinical social worker overlap those of a clinical psychologist. |
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Term
How many neurons does the adult human brain contain?
(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
Approximately how many neurons are in the Cerebral Cortex?
(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
Approximately how many neurons are in the spinal cord?
(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
Approximately how many neurons are in the Cerebellum?
(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. (Composeed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another) |
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Term
What permits a controlled flow of water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and other important chemicals?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| Specific Protein Channels |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure that contains the chromosomes |
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Term
Tochondrion (PL:Mitochondria)
(2.1) |
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Definition
| is the structure that performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell requires for all other activities.(require fuel and oxygen to function) |
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Term
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Definition
| the site at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules |
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Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(2.1) |
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Definition
| A Network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations |
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Term
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Definition
| Has its soma in the spinal chord. It receives excitation from other neurons through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as light, sound or touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| are branching fibers that get narrower near their end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines the dendrite surface, at which the dendrite receives information from other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| the short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells. ( much of the metabolic work of the neuron occurs here) |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the information sender of the neuron, conveying an impulse toward other neurons or an organ or an muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulates the axon to speed up nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| Interruptions on between the myelin sheath on the axon |
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Term
Presynaptic Terminal
(2.1) |
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Definition
| At the end of the axon's branches, each of which sells at its tips. This is the point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next. |
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Term
How many axon and dendrites can a neuron have?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| A neuron can have any number of dendrites but only one axon. |
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Term
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Definition
brings information into a structure
(ADMISSION) |
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Term
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Definition
Carries information away from a structure
(EXIT) |
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Term
Interneuron or Intrinsic Neuron
(2.1) |
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Definition
| If a cells dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a single structure |
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Term
What are the widely branching structures of a neuron called? And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell called?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| The widely branching structures of a neuron are called dendrites, and the long thin structure that carries information to another cell is called the axon |
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Term
What does the shape of a neuron determine?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| The function of the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron in the cerebellum with widely branching dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not transmit information over long distances as neurons do, although they do exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Star shaped glia cell that wraps around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally related axons. Astrocytes helps synchronize the activity of the axons, enabling them to send messages in waves. They also remove waste material created when neurons die and control thee amount of blood flow to each brain area. During periods of heightened activity in some brain areas, astrocytes dilate the blood vessels to bring more nutrients into that area. |
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Term
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Definition
Small glia cells that remove waste material as well as viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms
(function as part of the immune-system) |
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Term
Oligodendrocytes
(CNS)
(2.1) |
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Definition
| Specialized type of glia that build the myelin sheath that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axon |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized types of Glia that builds the meylin sheaths that surround and insulate certain verebrate axons |
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Term
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Definition
| Guides the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development. (after embryological development is finishes most radial glia differentiate into neurons and a smaller number into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes |
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Term
Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| Dendrites, soma(cell body), axon, and presynaptic |
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Term
Which kind of glia cell wraps around the synaptic terminals of axons?
(2.1) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain |
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Term
Identify one major advantage and one disadvantage of having a blood-brain barrier?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| The blood-brain barrier keeps out viruses(an advantage) and also keeps out most nutrients (a disadvantage) |
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Term
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Definition
| Form the wall of the blood-brain barrier. Outside the brain, such cells are separated by small gaps, but in the brain, they are joined together so tightly that virtually nothing passes between them |
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Term
Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier passively?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| Small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the blood-brain barrier passively. So do chemicals that dissolve in the fats of the membrane. |
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Term
Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier active transport?
(2.1) |
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Definition
| Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins,iron, and a few hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple sugar that is the nutrients for vertebrate neurons |
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Term
Korsakoff's syndrome
(2.1) |
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Definition
| a conditioned marked by memory impairment caused by the prolonged deficiency of thiamine(vitamin b1) |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals into the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that dissolve in the fats of the membrane. |
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Term
| What are the four main categories of methods for studying brain function? |
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Definition
1)Correlate brain anatomy with behavior
2)Record brain activity
3)Examine the effects of brain damage
4)Examine the effects of stimulating some brain area |
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Term
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Definition
| He assumed that bulges and depressions on peoples skull corresponded to the brain areas below them in a process that related anatomy to behavior |
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Term
| What does the amount of gray matter in the inferior(lower) partial lobe correlate to what in adolescents? |
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Definition
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Term
Computerized Axial Tomography
(CT or CAT Scan) |
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Definition
-A physician injects a dye into the blood to increase contrast in the image
-then places a persons head into a CT scanner in which x-rays are passed through the skull to a detector on the opposite side.
-CT scans help detect tumors and other structural abnormalities
-MAPS BRAIN AREAS, BUT REQUIRES EXPOSURE TO X-RAYS |
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Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) |
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Definition
-any atom with odd-numbered atomic weight has an axis of rotation
-applies a powerful magnetic field to align all the axis of rotation and then tilts then with a brief radio frequency
-creates an anatomical image of the brain
-MAPS BRAIN AREA IN DETAIL, USING MAGNETIC FIELDS |
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Term
| Researchers today sometimes relate differences in people's behavior to differences in their brain anatomy. How does their approach differ from that of the phrenologist? |
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Definition
| The phrenologists drew conclusions based on just one or a few people with some oddity of behavior. Today's researches compare groups statistically.Also, today's researchers examine the brain itself, not the skull. |
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Term
Electorencephalograph
(EEG) |
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Definition
-records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes--ranging from just a few to more than a hundred--attached to the scalp
-This device can record spontaneous brain activity or activity in response to a stimulus in which case we call the results EVOKED POTENTIALS or EVOKED RESPONSES
-RECORDS FROM SCALP; MEASURES CHANGES BY MS, WITH BUT LOW RESOLUTION OF LOCATION OF THE SIGNAL |
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Term
Magnetoencephalograph
(MEG) |
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Definition
-measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity
-Researchers using MEG can identify the times at which various brain areas respond and thereby trace a wave of brain activity from its point of origin to all the other areas that process it
-SIMILAR TO EEG BUT MEASURES MAGNETIC FIELDS |
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Term
Positron-Emission Tomography
(PET) |
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Definition
Provides a high resolution image of activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals
-The area showing the most radioactivity are the ones with the most blood flow and, therefore presumably the most brain activity
-MEASURES CHANGES OVER BOTH TIME AND LOCATION BUT REQUIRES EXPOSING THE BRAIN TO RADIATION |
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Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(FMRI) |
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Definition
| -MEASURES CHANGES OVER ABOUT A 1 SECOND, IDENTIFIES LOCATION WITHIN 1-2MM, NO USE OF RADIATION |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the ability to speak |
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Term
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Definition
| -Can produce an inability to recognize faces, an inability to perceive motion, s shift of attention to the right side of the body and the world, and a host of other highly specialized deficits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A device used to damage a structure in the interior of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Researchers use bio-medical methods to direct a mutation to a particular gene that is important for certain types of cells, transmitters, or receptors |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
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Definition
The application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp, temporarily inactivates neurons below the magnet
-BRIEF, MILD APPLICATION ACTIVATES UNDERLYING BRAIN AREA |
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Term
| How do the effects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation differ from those of longer, more intense stimulation? |
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Definition
| Brief, mild magnetic stimulation on the scalp increases activity in the underlying brain areas, whereas longer, more intense stimulation blocks it. |
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Term
| Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movement? |
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Definition
| Meaningful sensations and movements require a pattern of precisely timed activity in a great many cells, not just a burst of overall activity diffused in one area |
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Term
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Definition
| INVASIVE; USED WITH LABORATORY ANIMALS, SELDOM WITH HUMANS |
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Term
| Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligence? |
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Definition
| If we consider ourselves to be the most intelligent species-and admittedly, that is just an assumption-we are confronted with the fact that we have neither the largest brains nor the highest brain-to-body ratio depends on selection for thinness as well as selection for brain size. Furthermore, animal intelligence is undefined and poorly measured, so we cannot even determine what correlates with it. |
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Term
| Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies did? |
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Definition
| The use of MRI greatly improves the measurement of brain size |
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Term
| What evidence indicates that the genes that control human brain size also influence IQ? |
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Definition
| For pairs of monozygotic twins, the size of one twin's brain correlates significantly with the other twin's IQ(as well as his or her own). Therefore, whatever genes increase the growth of the brain also increases IQ. |
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Term
| On the average, although men have larger brains than women, men and women have equal IQ scores. What is a likely explanation? |
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Definition
| Women have more and deeper sulci in the cortex and therefore about the same amount of surface area and neurons than men do. |
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Term
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Definition
| 50,000 per day (between ages 20 and 75) |
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Term
| Maximum firing frequency of neuron |
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Definition
| 250-2,000 Hz (0.5-4 ms intervals) |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality of a conscious experience is more than just describable facts |
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Term
| Doctrine of specific nerve energies: |
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Definition
| nerves are electrical in nature and the energy conducted through them is the same wherever they are, but their areas of origin and termination are what gives nerves their specific meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory & motor for targeted action (plan, sense, remember) |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth integration of behaviors & sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| ascending & descending, more direct input and output |
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Term
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Definition
-Perceive, initiate, activate, integrate, reflexes
-Within bony structures
-Group called nucleus (nuclei)
-Neuron migration inhibited in adults
-Protected from bloodstream |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
-Incoming sensory and outgoing effectors
-Motor or glandular (e.g. tear ducts)
-Outside bony structures
-Group called ganglion (ganglia)
-Neuron migration replacement allowed in adults
-Mingles with bloodstream |
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Term
| The glial cells that act as the brain’s immune cell against viruses are? |
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Definition
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Term
| How/where do afferent neuronal signals travel? (compare the terms afferent and efferent in this answer) |
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Definition
| They travel into the neuron(admission) |
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Term
| What cells perform metabolic activities generating energy in the form of ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the branching fibers that extend the input region of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron whose dendrites and axon are entirely contained within a region is called a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and describe two different methods for measuring brain function (not anatomy). For each, mention both the technique name and what is done. |
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Definition
1. PET Scan – brain scanning following radioactive chemical dye injected into bloodstream
2. fMRI Scan – brain scanning distinguishing oxygenated blood flow to brain using magnetic fields
3. Microdialysis – measuring chemical release from neurons using semi-permeable membranes
4. Cortical cup – measuring chemical release from brain surface by collecting solution sitting over skull penetration
5. Push-pull cannula – measuring chemical release from brain region by pushing in and pulling out inert solution
6. Voltammetry – measuring chemical release from neurons using their electrical oxidation or reduction responses
7. Electroencephalograph (EEG) – measuring brain activity from electrical signals at skull surface (mostly cortical) particularly using evoked potentials
8. Electrophysiology – measuring brain neuron activity directly in terms of their electrical signals using electrodes |
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