Term
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Definition
| inherited through genes (unconditioned stimuli/response) |
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Term
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Definition
1. All or Nothing
2. Strength of response increases
with strength of stimulus
3. Stronger stimuli elicit quicker responses |
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Term
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Definition
acquired through
experience (conditioned stimuli/response) |
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Term
| Respondent Conditioning is also called |
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Definition
1. The pairing process
2. Pavlovian conditioning
3. Classical Conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
1.Involves stimulus-stimulus pairings that elicit behavior
2. Behavior is not affected by consequences
3. Involves reflexes, “involuntary” behavior
ex. Pupil dilation Changes in heart rate Startle response Salivation |
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Term
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Definition
1.Noticed that dogs began to salivate in response to lab assistant entering the room
2. Not a psychologist |
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Term
| Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm |
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Definition
Presence / smell of food elicits salivation->
Metronome consistently paired with food ->
Metronome elicits salivation |
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Term
| Unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that elicits a response without any prior conditioning history (e.g. food) |
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Term
| Unconditioned response (UR or UCR) |
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Definition
| the response that reflexively occurs following presentation of the US (e.g. salivation) |
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Term
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Definition
a stimulus that has no
eliciting effect; i.e., does not elicit any sort of reflexive behavior (e.g. the metronome) |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a previously neutral stimulus that, due to its pairing with the US, now elicits a response (e.g. the metronome after it has been paired with food) |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| the learned response to the CS (e.g. salivating when presented with a metronome) |
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Term
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Definition
the spread of the effect of the CS
to other, similar, stimuli
ex. A startle reflex conditioned to a gunshot also occurs following a drum strike or slamming door |
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Term
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Definition
the effect of the CS stays specific
to that stimulus
ex. Dogs’ salivation is elicited by a white lab coat, but not a beige trench coat or yellow rain coat |
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Term
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Definition
gradual loss of the CR due to
repeated presentation of the CS without the US
ex. After many presentations of a lab tech without food, the dogs stop salivating to the coat. |
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Term
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Definition
the waning of the UR due to repeated or prolonged presentation of the US
ex. An initial thunderclap may elicit a startle response, but the third or fourth does not |
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Term
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Definition
reappearance of the CR following a period of time in which the CS is not presented / tested
ex. You experience a startle response to thunder a week after the last storm (when you habituated) |
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Term
| Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
when a neutral stimulus is paired with an already conditioned stimulus (CS1) instead of a (US)
ex. Light (CS2) paired with tone (CS1), which was previously paired with food delivery (US) |
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Term
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Definition
CS presented slightly before US; some overlap
Best results: CS predicts US (Eating a brownie right as you finish studying the last flashcard) |
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Term
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Definition
CS presented and then removed prior to US
presentation
Effectiveness decreases as gap between CS and US increases (Eating brownies a little while after studying these flashcards) |
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Term
| Simultaneous conditioning |
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Definition
CS and US presented and removed at the same time
Less effective than delay; CS is associated with US but is not predictive (eating brownies while you study these flashcards) |
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Term
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Definition
US presented before CS presentation
Generally ineffective (don't give yourself a brownie before you study the flashcards) |
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Term
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Definition
The relationship between the CS and the
magnitude of the CR |
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Term
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Definition
Mathematical model of respondent conditioning
(AKA the RESCORLA-WAGNER MODEL) |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in the strength of a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maximum associative strength |
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Term
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Definition
| associative strength the CS already has |
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Term
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Definition
| associative strength of other stimuli; illustrates how multiple conditioned stimuli can interact |
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Term
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Definition
When two CSs are paired with a
US, the more salient CS can overshadow the weaker CS, preventing conditioning
ex. A loud sound and a subtle texture are paired with an
explosion during war; loud sounds will elicit a CR but
the texture of sand will not |
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Term
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Definition
prior conditioning of one CS will limit
the associative strength to be acquired by a second CS
ex. A tone was paired with food for multiple sessions; later pairing a light with food will not condition light as a CS for salivation |
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Term
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Definition
A study by Watson and Rayner conditioned Little Albert to be afraid of a white rat, and became fearful of many white things.
NS - White Rat
US - Loud Noise |
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Term
| WHITEHEAD, LURIE, & BLACKWELL |
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Definition
Decrease in human systolic blood pressure were classically conditioned in normal and hypertensive subjects using a delayed conditioning paradigm in which a 30-sec auditory stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) was followed immediately by tilting the subject 15degrees head-down to elicit small decreases in blood pressure
US = tilt table (positioning)
UR = decrease in blood pressure
CS = tone |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Conditioning |
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Definition
Potency (salience) of US and CS
Timing of presentations of US and CS Contingency between US and CS
Number of pairings
Prior history with CS (NS) |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
Gradual exposure to stimuli while practicing
relaxation behaviors (deep breathing, muscle relaxation, etc.); does not include actual CS for fear response
ex. phobias and OCD |
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Term
| Fear and Anxiety Reduction |
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Definition
Uses principles of respondent conditioning to decondition maladaptive fears
ex. anxiety and phobias |
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Term
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Definition
Uses principles of respondent conditioning to condition aversion to addictive stimuli
ex. Nail-biting, Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking |
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Term
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Definition
Gradual exposure to stimuli while practicing
relaxation behaviors (deep breathing, muscle relaxation, etc.); the difference is that in vivo includes that actual CS for fear response |
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Term
| Ways to Strengthen Behavior |
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Definition
1. Positive Reinforcement (Adding a stimulus; e.g. a treat)
2. Negative Reinforcement (Removing a stimulus; e.g. stopping a shock) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Positive Punishment (Adding a Stimulus e.g. administering a shock)
2. Negative Punishment (Removing a stimulus; e.g. taking away a favorite toy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Something is added (can be a good or a bad thing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Something is taken away (can be a good thing or a bad thing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that will discourage a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that will encourage a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
A stimulus is added
Contingent on behavior
Increases the likelihood of that behavior in the
future |
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Term
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Definition
A stimulus is removed
Contingent on behavior
Increases the likelihood of that behavior in the future |
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Term
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Definition
Aversive stimulus present prior to behavior
Behavior removes or weakens stimulus Ex. Shock is delivered -> a pigeon pecks a green key -> the shock stops |
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Term
| Types of Negative Reinforcement |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Aversive stimulus not yet present prior to behavior
History with aversive stimulus strengthens
avoidance behavior
Ex. An upcoming shock is signaled by a tone -> a pigeon pecks a green key -> the tone stops and the shock is canceled |
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Term
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Definition
A stimulus is added
Contingent on behavior
Decreases the likelihood of that behavior in the future |
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Term
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Definition
A stimulus is removed
Contingent on behavior
Decreases the likelihood of that behavior in th future |
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Term
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Definition
Classical = Behavior that is provoked (Stimulus response; A-antecedent B-behavior); evoked
Operant = Behavior that is rewarded or punished (A-antecedent B-behavior C-conclusion); elicited |
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Term
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Definition
| reinforcer is available contingent on behavior (e.g. lever pressing will provide food when the house light is on) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcer is not available (e.g.lever pressing will not provide food when the house light is off) |
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Term
| Motivating Operations (MO) |
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Definition
1. Antecedent events that alter the reinforcing efficacy of stimuli which makes the reinforcer more or less valuable and which makes the behavior more or less likely (e.g. feeding the pigeon will make food rewards less valuable and behavior less likely)
2. Transient and changeable
3. Does not directly elicit behavior |
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Term
| Establishing Operations (EO) |
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Definition
Temporarily increase reinforcing potency of stimuli
Make behaviors producing those stimuli more likely
Deprivation
Several events can serve as establishing operations for the same stimulus
Long run, hot weather, salty food, alcohol intake = EOs for obtaining water |
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Term
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Definition
a period of time without access to a
reinforcing stimulus |
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Term
| Abolishing Operations (AO) |
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Definition
Temporarily decrease reinforcing potency of stimuli
Make behaviors producing those stimuli less likely
Satiation
Several events can serve as abolishing operations for the same stimulus
Recently ate a big meal, stomach flu, sore throat = AOs for eating |
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Term
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Definition
a period following access to the
reinforcer, when the person is “full” of the stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
KA Reinforcer-Establishing Effect
Makes a stimulus more (or less) reinforcing
Ex. Just ate salty potato chips = obtaining water is more reinforcing |
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Term
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Definition
Makes a behavior that produces a particular reinforcer more (or less) likely to occur
Ex. Just ate salty potato chips = more likely to ask a passing waiter for a glass of water |
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Term
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Definition
A high-probability behavior can be used to
reinforce a low-probability behavior
Ex. If a rat is deprived of water, it is more likely to drink than run on a wheel; however if running on the wheel produces access to water, the rat will run |
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Term
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Definition
Restricting access to one response (deprivation)changes its reinforcing value and its place in a hierarchy of response likelihood
ex. If the rats are now deprived of access to running but drinking water will produce access to the wheel, running will reinforce drinking |
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Term
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Definition
A behavior that was previously reinforced No longer produces reinforcement
And gradually stops occurring (Unpairing of CS and US) |
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Term
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Definition
Both decrease behavior
Extinction: gradual effect when a previously delivered consequence is no longer delivered
Punishment: usually immediate effect that is contingent on behavior that reduces the likelihood of that behavior |
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Term
| Characteristics of Extinction |
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Definition
1. Extinction Burst
2. Gradual waning of target behavior
3. Spontaneous Recovery |
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Term
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Definition
1. Increase in frequency, duration, magnitude
2. Novel behavior
3. Emotional behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Often seen as less aversive/objectionable thanpunishment
Extinction burst increases operant variability(useful in shaping)
Aids in discrimination (Do X when A, not when B) |
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Term
| The Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE) |
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Definition
| Responses that are not reinforced all the time are less susceptible to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
A rat was trained to press a lever, then lever-pressing was
put on extinction. A year later the rat is put in an operant
chamber and immediately presses the lever |
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Term
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Definition
Presentation of the reinforcer alone reinstates behavior
Ex. A rat can press a lever to get cocaine. After extinction, the
rat is given a pre-session injection of cocaine and starts lever pressing again at pre-extinction rates |
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Term
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Definition
Reinforcement of successive approximations ofthe target behavior
Ex. teaching a rat to rear up by first reinforcing standing, then shifting weight to back legs, then lifting front paws, then raising 1”, etc. |
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