Term
This is most frequently used with staff and is an important part of building a positive culture within the organization
a. monetary rewards
b. verbal/written praise
c. corrective feedback
d. large activity-based rewards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A safety assessment considers which of the following? Select all that apply:
1. antecedent, behavior, and consequence analysis of high-risk areas
2. industry standards with respect to safety data
3. existing company incident rate
4. interview with employees
5. observations of employees in high-risk areas
6. interviews with outside experts |
|
Definition
1. antecedent, behavior, and consequence analysis of high-risk areas
2. industry standards with respect to safety data
3. existing company incident rate
4. interview with employees
5. observations of employees in high-risk areas |
|
|
Term
How should a data collector categorize a missed opportunity to engage in safe behavior?
a. safe behavior
b. unsafe behavior
c. missed opportunities aren't counted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Safety related mission statements help guide the safety process through which of the following processes? Select all that apply:
1. creating specific pinpoints related to individualized employee safety goals
2. creating broad abstractions that are related to the culture of the organization
3. creating specific behaviors that lead to achieving the abstractons
4. allowing employees to give input to the proposed statement before it is put in place |
|
Definition
2. creating broad abstractions that are related to the culture of the organization
3. creating specific behaviors that lead to achieving the abstractons
4. allowing employees to give input to the proposed statement before it is put in place |
|
|
Term
Which of the following steps should be taken if the safety data is trending downward? Select all that apply:
1. examine observer interactions
2. change target programs
3. examine reinforcement
4. consider punishing consequences for unsafe behavior
5. increase/decrease management presence |
|
Definition
1. examine observer interactions
2. change target programs
3. examine reinforcement
5. increase/decrease management presence |
|
|
Term
Which of the following should be included on an observation checklist? Select all that apply:
1. comments that allow for continual improvement of the process
2. list of employee initials with a history of unsafe behavior
3. number of unsafe responses
4. number of safe responses
5. list of pinpoints from biggest to least contributors to injury |
|
Definition
1. comments that allow for continual improvement of the process
3. number of unsafe responses
4. number of safe responses
5. list of pinpoints from biggest to least contributors to injury |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are considerations when selecting pinpoints to target in the Behavior Based Safety program? Select all that apply:
1. target no more than 2 pinpoints
2. group the pinpoints into categories
3. list targets within each category from most to least contributors to injury
4. get staff input on targets
5. order the categories from most to least contributors to injury |
|
Definition
2. group the pinpoints into categories
3. list targets within each category from most to least contributors to injury
4. get staff input on targets
5. order the categories from most to least contributors to injury |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are recommended for using incentives? Select all that apply:
1. make the rewards large to motivate employees
2. keep rewards relatively small
3. make rewards contingent upon behavior under the control of the employee |
|
Definition
2. keep rewards relatively small
3. make rewards contingent upon behavior under the control of the employee |
|
|
Term
[image]
a. incentive program/not working
b. safety data/trending downward
c. safety data/trending upward
d. incentive program/is working |
|
Definition
| b. safety data/trending downward |
|
|
Term
An individual staff member, __________ expert, and/or members of a/an __________ team might be involved in the safety assessment.
a. outside/design
b. outside/administrative
c. inside/administrative
d. inside/design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Training staff to deliver effective feedback can be the most difficult aspect of the BBS process. Which of the following are characterisitics of feedback? Select all that apply:
1. all observers should be trained to fluency before being allowed to deliver feedback
2. corrective feedback should be delivered if significant concerns are observed
3. feedback should be delivered immediately after observations take place
4. feedback should only be used to decrease unsafe behavior
5. primarily observers will deliver reinforcement for what was done correctly
6. record any reasons the employees have for not engaging in safe behavior |
|
Definition
1. all observers should be trained to fluency before being allowed to deliver feedback
2. corrective feedback should be delivered if significant concerns are observed
3. feedback should be delivered immediately after observations take place
5. primarily observers will deliver reinforcement for what was done correctly
6. record any reasons the employees have for not engaging in safe behavior |
|
|
Term
Blaming the employee, excluding hazard identification, relying on incentives and slogans are all __________ of behavior-based safety programs.
a. compliments
b. criticisms
c. advantages
d. disadvantages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are reasons to update management on the safety program before implementation? Select all that apply:
1. allows management to give a final budget approval (training, rewards)
2. allows management to reinforce the behavior of the Design Team
3. allows management to reinforce each other regarding the safety program
4. allows management to provide final input
5. allows management an opportunity to publicly commit to the safety program |
|
Definition
1. allows management to give a final budget approval (training, rewards)
2. allows management to reinforce the behavior of the Design Team
4. allows management to provide final input
5. allows management an opportunity to publicly commit to the safety program |
|
|
Term
Safety is typically referred to by employees and organizations as accidents or the number of injuries.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Select and put the steps of a safety assessment in the correct order.
(review safety records, develop a plan, interview staff, observe practices, write a report) |
|
Definition
step 1- review safety records
step 2- interview staff
step 3- observe practices
step 4- develop a plan
step 5- write a report |
|
|
Term
Self-observation is a tool primarily used to help overcome the observation and feedback challenges with which of the following employees?
a. all of these
b. clinical employees
c. lone employees
d. employees in very hazardous environments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In financial compensation programs, ___________ can be tied to a performance matrix, but one drawback is that it can be hard to tie _____________ to objective behavior.
a. unsafe behavior/observations
b. money/unsafe responses
c. unsafe behavior/safety responses
d. safety behavior/money |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of following is the correct order for identifying a problem with the behavior-based safety program?
a. identify practices that are not 100% safe, identify the trend in these practices, compare practices to injury reports, select a practice to improve
b. select a practice to improve, identify the trend in these practices, identify practices that are less than 100% safe, compare practices to injury reports
c. identify the trends in these practices, compare practices to injury reports, identify practices that are less than 100% safe, select a practice to improve
d. compare practices to injury reports, identify practices that are less than 100% safe, select a practice to improve, identify the trend in these practices |
|
Definition
| a. identify practices that are not 100% safe, identify the trend in these practices, compare practices to injury reports, select a practice to improve |
|
|
Term
Training involves creating opportunities for staff to ____________, and training observers to ____________ before allowing them to deliver feedback.
a. observe/catch mistakes
b. practice/analyze responses
c. observe/covertly record
d. practice/fluency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following should be implemented when creating a safety awards program? Select all that apply:
1. select a higher reward for no accidents
2. consider a menu of options for awards
3. identification of goals
4. make sure there is a plan to fade out the award system |
|
Definition
2. consider a menu of options for awards
3. identification of goals
4. make sure there is a plan to fade out the award system |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are considerations for observations? Select all that apply:
1. allow observers the freedom to schedule their observations
2. daily observations are considered best practice
3. high-risk industries/departments should collect data less frequently
4. pilot data sheets in a small area first before implementing company-wide
5. employees, tasks, and areas should be observed
6. schedule observations during times when there is a high probability of unsafe behavior |
|
Definition
1. allow observers the freedom to schedule their observations
2. daily observations is considered best practice
4. pilot data sheets in a small area first before implementing company-wide
5. employees, tasks, and areas should be observed
6. schedule observations during times when there is a high probability of unsafe behavior |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are advantages of peer observations? Select all that apply:
1. immediate feedback
2. allows delivery of consequences for safe behavior
3. increase in safe behavior of the observers
4. decrease in safe behavior of the observers
5. efficient data collection |
|
Definition
1. immediate feedback
2. allows delivery of consequences for safe behavior
3. increase in safe behavior of the observers
5. efficient data collection |
|
|
Term
These types of programs provide more reinforcement to staff who engage in high levels of safe behavior
a. written praise programs
b. financial compensation programs
c. tiered programs
d. all of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are characteristics of the safety assessment? Select all that apply:
1. provides an objective view of what is currently taking place
2. it is considered an unbiased examination of current policies used to encourage safety in the organization
3. it creates a report for senior management
4. it is the first step in a Behavior Based Safety approach |
|
Definition
1. provides an objective view of what is currently taking place
2. it is considered an unbiased examination of current policies used to encourage safety in the organization
3. it creates a report for senior management
4. it is the first step in a Behavior Based Safety approach |
|
|
Term
Training in data collection is considered ___________ for all, and collecting data is _____________?
a. voluntary/voluntary
b. mandatory/voluntary
c. mandatory/mandatory
d. voluntary/mandatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Typically, this team disbands after implementation of the safety plan.
a. none of the committees disband during the process
b. steering committee
c. design committee
d. assessment committee
s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are reasons a safety improvement program might be used? Select all that apply:
1. can be implemented when safety data looks good
2. can be used to keep safety a priority
3. can be used to improve performance
4. can be used to reduce behavior through punishment |
|
Definition
1. can be implemented when safety data looks good
2. can be used to keep safety a priority
3. can be used to improve performance |
|
|
Term
In many organizations before a Behavior Based Safety program is put in place, this is the consequence for safe behavior.
a. extinction
b. punishment
c. monetary incentive
d. reinforcement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Unsafe behavior _______ results in major injury and _______ contacts immediate reinforcement.
a. often/rarely
b. rarely/often
c. often/often
d. rarely/rarely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of the steering committee? Select all that apply:
1. responsible for holding safety meetings once per week
2. may be made up of the same members of the design committee (especially in small companies)
3. responsible for updating the graphs weekly
4. responsible for modeling the correct behavior for staff daily
5. talk to and reinforce staff members daily for implementing the Behavior Based Safety Program
6. responsible for the initial safety assessment
7. primarily responsible for keeping the safety process going
8. may develop improvement projects and conduct near-miss analyses
9. responsible for implementation of the Behavior Based Safety program and reporting to management |
|
Definition
1. responsible for holding safety meetings once per week
2. may be made up of the same members of the design committee (especially in small companies)
3. responsible for updating the graphs weekly
4. responsible for modeling the correct behavior for staff daily
5. talk to and reinforce staff members daily for implementing the Behavior Based Safety Program
7. primarily responsible for keeping the safety process going
8. may develop improvement projects and conduct near-miss analyses
9. responsible for implementation of the Behavior Based Safety program and reporting to management |
|
|
Term
Percent safe = [Total safe divided by (total safe + unsafe)] x 100
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Near-miss reporting includes reporting when a staff member almost got hurt. Incentives may help reduce near-misses and increase safe behavior.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The __________ committee sets the goals for the program and the __________ steering committee modifies and updates the goals as needed.
a. steering/design
b. design/steering
c. steering/steering
d. design/design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A decrease in reporting, decrease in participation, and decrease in unsafe behavior are all characteristics of this type of safety program:
a. antecedent manipulation based safety program
b. punishment based safety program
c. awards based safety program
d. behavior based safety program |
|
Definition
| b. punishment based safety program |
|
|
Term
Observations are primarily completed by?
a. peers
b. industry experts
c. steering committee
d. executive management only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One of the drawbacks of the token economies used in the mines was the high cost of running the token economy program.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What steps should be taken prior to implementing a checklist? Select all that apply:
1. define all pinpoints
2. remove pinpoints that contribute the least to injuries regardless of the type of injury
3. Evaluate the checklist in observation |
|
Definition
1. define all pinpoints
3. Evaluate the checklist in observation
** you can consider removing pinpoints that contribute the least to injury but you never want to remove a pinpoint that led to significant injury |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true about accidents? Select all that apply:
1. unsafe behavior that results in an accident usually leads to major injuries
2. accidents are caused by behavior
3. accidents are the result of unsafe behavior |
|
Definition
2. accidents are caused by behavior
3. accidents are the result of unsafe behavior |
|
|
Term
The kickoff meeting is conducted by the __________ committee and is used to inform all staff about the __________ process and when ____________ will begin.
a. steering/behavior-based safety/observations
b. design/safety/financial compensation
c. steering committee/financial compensation/feedback sessions
d. design/reinforcement/graphing |
|
Definition
| a. steering/behavior-based safety/observations |
|
|
Term
Match the description with the correct observation category (behavior technicians, playground, feedback delivery)
1. individual employees
2. tasks
3. area |
|
Definition
1. individual employees
- behavior technicians
2. tasks
- feedback delivery
3. area
- playground |
|
|
Term
Primarily, feedback given should be corrective.
true
false |
|
Definition
false
primarily, feedback given should be used to deliver reinforcement for what safe behavior was done correctly with corrective feedback for significant unsafe behavior |
|
|
Term
While ________ may evoke behavior, they will not be able to maintain behavior without _____________?
a. antecedents, punishment
b. consequences, consequences
c. antecedents, consequences
d. punishment, antecedents |
|
Definition
| c. antecedents, consequences |
|
|
Term
The primary goal of the _________ is to assess, create safety goals, and present the safety process and the primary goal of the ___________ is continual evaluation and maintenance of the safety process.
a. design committee/steering committee
b. assessment committee/design committee
c. design committee/assessment committee
d. steering committee/design committee |
|
Definition
| a. design committee, steering committee |
|
|
Term
Basing awards on injuries does which of the following? Select all that apply:
1. discourages reporting by employees
2. does not impact safe behavior
3. makes employees safer |
|
Definition
1. discourages reporting by employees
2. does not impact safe behavior |
|
|
Term
Which of te following are best practices for graphing safety data? Select all that apply:
1. supervisors must be trained and monitored for correct use of data
2. graphs should be reviewed and updated weekly
3. percent of observations completed should be graphed
4. graphs should be posted publicly
5. graphs should be reviewed and updated montly
6. graphs should not be posted publicly
7. percent of safe behavior should be graphed |
|
Definition
1. supervisors must be trained and monitored for correct use of data
2. graphs should be reviewed and updated weekly
3. percent of observations completed should be graphed
4. graphs should be posted publicly
7. percent of safe behavior should be graphed |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are common problems with feedback? Select all that apply:
1. it is too sincere
2. inconsistent
3. not specific
4. mostly involves corrections |
|
Definition
2. inconsistent
3. not specific
4. mostly involves corrections |
|
|
Term
Often when implementing the BBS process, an organization will see an ___________
in near-miss reporting.
increase
decrease |
|
Definition
increase
an increase in near-miss reporting suggest the BBS is working |
|
|
Term
While slips and trips were considered ___________ variables contributing to worker injury, cuts and burns were considered ___________ behaviors contributing to worker injury.
a. low risk/high risk
b. worker/environmental
c. high risk/low risk
d. environmental/worker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following should NOT earn a safety award? Select all that apply:
1. increase in keeping equipment maintained
2. items fixed
3. no injuries reported
4. suggestions for safety improvements
5. decrease in injuries |
|
Definition
3. no injuries reported
5. decrease in injuries
awarding no injuries suppresses injury reporting |
|
|
Term
When a southern chemical company implemented the BBS process, the “jaws” graph showed that their productivity ________ while their OSHA recordables _____________.
a. went down, went up
b. went up, went down
c. stayed the same, went up
d. wasn't measured, went down |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are ways the line employee participates in the BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. provides reinforcer types
2. provides input on safety targets
3. provides consequences to employees
4. voices concerns about safety process |
|
Definition
1. provides reinforcer types
2. provides input on safety targets
4. voices concerns about safety process |
|
|
Term
[image]
1. Number of employees trainer
2. Employee injury history
3. Number of observations
4. Percent participation
5. Number of items fixes as part of process |
|
Definition
1. Number of employees trainer
3. Number of observations
4. Percent participation
5. Number of items fixes as part of process |
|
|
Term
1. Use informal leaders to influence others
2. Assume management is making safety a priority
3. Look at past management relations
4. Provide opportunities for employees to voice their concerns without fear of retaliation |
|
Definition
1. Use informal leaders to influence others
3. Look at past management relations
4. Provide opportunities for employees to voice their concerns without fear of retaliation |
|
|
Term
A southern chemical company found that when they implemented the BBS safety process, their safety and production went up.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following maintenance variables were analyzed in the 2006 Sigurdsson and Austin article? Select all that apply:
1. internal system of dispensing monetary incentives
2. internal staff training on implementing intervention components
3. internal data collection systems
4. internal staff involvement in the intervention design
5. internal system for dispensing consequences |
|
Definition
2. internal staff training on implementing intervention components
3. internal data collection systems
4. internal staff involvement in the intervention design
5. internal system for dispensing consequences |
|
|
Term
The UK construction company trained _______ employees in the BBS process and used a _______ approach in their successful implementation of the BBS program.
a. all/top down
b. worker/top down
c. worker/bottom up
d. manager/bottom up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Getting many checklists handed in at once that don’t include any comments or any at-risk items marked is usually an indicator that this is happening.
a. pencil whipping or faking data
b. BBS process is working
c. accurate data is being collected
d. employees are becoming safer |
|
Definition
| a. pencil whipping or faking data |
|
|
Term
This tool is used to publicly display milestones and might be used to display the number of observations or the number of items fixed.
a. scoreboard
b. short-shot observation
c. partner observation
d. accountability worksheet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This tool saves time by completing observations of employees with a strong safety record.
a. SLAM observation
b. champion observations
c. partner observations
d. short-shot observations |
|
Definition
| d. short-shot observations |
|
|
Term
Executives should do which of the following to increase employee participating with the BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. explain punishment procedures to employees when training on the BBS process
2. Invest in 2-3 big ticket fixes at the outset
3. Make safety a priority
4. Model safety practices |
|
Definition
2. Invest in 2-3 big ticket fixes at the outset
3. Make safety a priority
4. Model safety practices
[image] |
|
|
Term
Who are likely to be involved in the design of a behavior-based safety program? Select all that apply:
1. site safety staff
2. safety engineers
3. occupational therapists
4. union leaders
5. ergonomists |
|
Definition
1. site safety staff
2. safety engineers
3. occupational therapists
5. ergonomists |
|
|
Term
This effect is noted when an observer starts behaving more safely as a result of observing others.
a. partner effects
b. onlooker effect
c. safety effect
d. observer effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
OSHA recordable injury rates are required to be reported, help determine the overall safety of an organization, and can affect worker compensation rates.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to the graph in the Lebbon, A., Sigurdsson, S. O., & Austin, J. (2012) study, this caused the most injuries in the kitchen
a. repetitive motion
b. cut
c. slip/fall
d. lifting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who is responsible for tracking data and reinforcing safety behavior in a BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. middle management
2. upper manangement
3. safety committee
4. corporate executives
5. line workers |
|
Definition
1. middle management
2. upper management
3. safety committee
4. corporate executives |
|
|
Term
Which of the following must be reviewed when analyzing injury data?
a. body part, month, age
b. job title, cause, body part,
c. cause, day, month
d. age, day, cause
a. |
|
Definition
| b. job title, cause, body part, |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are solutions for pencil whipping? Select all that apply:
1. Simplify the checklist to reduce any complexity
2. Consider re-vamping the checklist to include new or fewer items
3. Check to see that observation data are posted regularly
4. Check to see that comments and problems on checklist are getting addressed
5. Ensure there is time for observations
6. Provide incentives for observations
7. set up disciplinary actions for fake data |
|
Definition
1. Simplify the checklist to reduce any complexity
2. Consider re-vamping the checklist to include new or fewer items
3. Check to see that observation data are posted regularly
4. Check to see that comments and problems on checklist are getting addressed
5. Ensure there is time for observations
6. Provide incentives for observations |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is/are reason(s) employees might resist the BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. Executives make production a priority over safety
2. Low management commitment to safety
3. Middle management makes safety a priority over production
4. Past history of ineffective safety initiatives
5. Retaliation over voicing safety concerns |
|
Definition
1. Executives make production a priority over safety
2. Low management commitment to safety
4. Past history of ineffective safety initiatives
5. Retaliation over voicing safety concerns |
|
|
Term
BBS research at the Midwest oil refinery demonstrated that when the number of observations increased, the number of OSHA recordables and injuries did which of the following?
a. stayed the same
b. decreased
c. increased
d. weren't measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This tool used when beginning a new task and encourages the employee to look for and analyze hazards in the workplace and take steps to minimize those hazards.
a. accountability worksheets
b. SLAM
c. short-shot observations
d. scoreboards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are considered BBS challenges? Select all that apply:
1. managers bad at providing feedback
2. high number of observations
3. high supervisor level commitment
4. ineffective safety meetings
5. pencil whipping
6. low supervisor level commitment
7. executive level commitment is low
8. resistance from employees or unions
9. low number of observations |
|
Definition
1. managers bad at providing feedback
4. ineffective safety meetings
5. pencil whipping
6. low supervisor level commitment
7. executive level commitment is low
8. resistance from employees or unions
9. low number of observations |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are companies responsible for when reporting OSHA recordables? Select all that apply:
a. contractors of the company
b. company managers
c. company employees |
|
Definition
b. company managers
c. company employees |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are potential solutions if management is bad at providing feedback? Select all that apply:
1. empower manager with powerful disciplinary measures
2. emphasize openness to feedback
3. empower managers with reinforcers
4. coach feedback skills |
|
Definition
2. emphasize openness to feedback
3. empower managers with reinforcers
4. coach feedback skills |
|
|
Term
The BBS process including the design, training, data collection, and consequence delivery includes participation with which of the following organizational members? Select all that apply:
1. supervisors
2. line level workers
3. managers |
|
Definition
1. supervisors
2. line level workers
3. managers |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are indications that pencil whipping is happening? Select all that apply:
1. employees report they are getting observed frequently
2. not a single at-risk item marked on any of the checklists
3. many checklists handed in at once
4. no one remembers being observed
5. low or no comments on any checklist |
|
Definition
2. not a single at-risk item marked on any of the checklists
3. many checklists handed in at once
4. no one remembers being observed
5. low or no comments on any checklist |
|
|
Term
Organizations got the best outcome when they included which of the following maintenance variables? Select all that apply:
1. external expert safety consultant involvement
2. internal staff involvement in the intervention design
3. internal system for dispensing consequences
4. internal data collection systems
5. internal staff training |
|
Definition
2. internal staff involvement in the intervention design
3. internal system for dispensing consequences
4. internal data collection systems
5. internal staff training |
|
|
Term
Both BBS and Henrich include whihc of the following processes in safety design? Select all that apply:
1. engineering controls
2. personality tests
3. safety observations
4. safety training |
|
Definition
1. engineering controls
4. safety training
*personality tests are only in the Heinrich models and safety observations are only in the BBS models |
|
|
Term
Which of the following were observations from the literature review? Select all that apply:
1. managers were largely responsible for delivering feedback and consequences
2. staff will need training on how to collect data
3. individual feedback is better than group feedback
4. feedback mostly delivered weekly
5. group feedback was preferred by staff
6. managers were mostly trained to observe |
|
Definition
1. managers were largely responsible for delivering feedback and consequences
2. staff will need training on how to collect data
3. individual feedback is better than group feedback
4. feedback mostly delivered weekly
6. managers were mostly trained to observe |
|
|
Term
SLAM stands for which of the following?
a. stop, listen, account, manage
b. stop, look, analyze, mitigate
c. slow, lean, act, modify
d. sneak, low, add, mind |
|
Definition
| b. stop, look, analyze, mitigate |
|
|
Term
Which of the following were included in the dining food services BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. graphed consequences
2. verbal feedback
3. graphed feedback
4. observation training |
|
Definition
2. verbal feedback
3. graphed feedback
4. observation training |
|
|
Term
This is the best predictor of future injuries
a. industry data
b. current behavior data
c. workplace hazards
d. past injury data |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are tools used in behavioral safety? Select all that apply:
1. LOOK
2. partner observations
3. SLAM
4. "Short-shot" observations
5. scoreboards
6. accountability worksheets
7. partner scoreboards |
|
Definition
2. partner observations
3. SLAM
4. "Short-shot" observations
5. scoreboards
6. accountability worksheets |
|
|
Term
What is included in safety process metrics? Select all that apply:
1. number of observations
2. posting of feedback
3. safety discussions
4. number of terminated employees as a result of safety violations
5. percentage of participation
6. number of items fixed or engineered |
|
Definition
1. number of observations
2. posting of feedback
3. safety discussions
5. percentage of participation
6. number of items fixed or engineered |
|
|
Term
In the partner observation tool, you pair a/an __________ with a/an _________ and then complete a reliability check to increase observation accuracy.
a. manager/employee
b. employee/safety consultant
c. inexperienced observer/experienced observer
d. employee/executive |
|
Definition
| c. inexperienced observer/experienced observer |
|
|
Term
Middle management can provide feedback and reinforcement for which of the following are safety process metrics? Select all that apply:
1. Regular positing of feedback
2. Safety discussed in meetings
3. Injury and near-miss reporting
4. Percent participation in safety meetings
5. decrease observations
6. number of days without injury
7. Number of items fixed or engineered
8. Number of observations |
|
Definition
1. Regular positing of feedback
2. Safety discussed in meetings
3. Injury and near-miss reporting
4. Percent participation in safety meetings
7. Number of items fixed or engineered
8. Number of observations |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are solutions for the problem of low number of observations? Select all that apply:
1. confirm there is no punishment for observations
2. confirm there aren't too many observations occuring
3. confirm observations anonymous
4. provide incentives for observations
5. confirm there is time for observations
6. ensure there are public observations |
|
Definition
1. confirm there is no punishment for observations
3. confirm observations anonymous
4. provide incentives for observations
5. confirm there is time for observations |
|
|
Term
Match the description of the contribution to maintenance variables with the appropriate employee category.
(Corporate & upper management, safety committee, middle management, line employees
1. Provide feedback and reinforcement to middle managers and safety staff
2. provide feedback and reinforcement on the safety process metrics
3. celebrate, publicize and reinforce milestones
4. provide input on safety targets, observation process, reinforcer types |
|
Definition
1. Provide feedback and reinforcement to middle managers and safety staff
-corporate & upper management
2. provide feedback and reinforcement on the safety process metrics
-middle management
3. celebrate, publicize and reinforce milestones
-safety committee and safety staff
4. provide input on safety targets, observation process, reinforcer types
-line employees |
|
|
Term
This tool tracks process related behaviors of managers and employees and might include near-miss and observation reports
a. partner observations
b. scoreboards
c. accountability worksheets
d. short-shot observations |
|
Definition
| c. accountability worksheets |
|
|
Term
elimination, engineering controls, and substitution are all methods for which of the following
a. decreasing dangers
b. removing unsafe workers
c. punishing unsafe behavior
d. decreasing safety |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While organizational targets may differ, the safety process will include similar components and steps across different organizations
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true regardin the Lebbon, A., Sigurdsson, S. O., & Austin, J. (2012) study? Select all that apply:
1. worker satisfaction decreased
2. more observations --> fewer injuries
3. injuries reduced by a third |
|
Definition
2. more observations --> fewer injuries
3. injuries reduced by a third |
|
|
Term
[image]
1. literature review of safety manuals
2. analyzing past injury data
3. determining safety targets
4. observing to identify barriers to safety |
|
Definition
2. analyzing past injury data
3. determining safety targets
4. observing to identify barriers to safety |
|
|
Term
[image]
a. OSHA recordables
b. injury ratings
c. near-miss incidents
d. safety indices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are ways that corporate and upper management are involved in the BBS process? Select all that apply:
1. hold middle management accountable
2. trained in basic principles of behavior analysis
3. create BBS budgets
4. nominate safety committee
5. solely responsible for the design of the BBS plan |
|
Definition
1. hold middle management accountable
2. trained in basic principles of behavior analysis
3. create BBS budgets
4. nominate safety committee |
|
|
Term
According to the southern chemical company safety culture graph, all of the following are true except:
a. management supports safety in the workplace
b. management makes safety a priority in the company
c. employees and management are happy with the safety training procedures
d. managers and employees disagreed about how well the company communicates about safety |
|
Definition
| d. managers and employees disagreed about how well the company communicates about safety |
|
|
Term
Which of the following helps increase pedestrian crosswalk compliance? Select all that apply:
1. a shelter at the crosswalk
2. something to listen to and look at
3. a push button that confirms button press
4. a shelter guard stationed at the shelter
5. reducing the wait time and using countdown timers to increase the percentage of pedestrians waiting |
|
Definition
1. A shelter at the crosswalk
2. something to listen to and look at
3. a push button that confirms button press
5. reducing the wait time and using countdown timers to increase the percentage of pedestrians waiting |
|
|
Term
________ treatment is just as effective as ________ and is much cheaper.
a. RRFB/Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon
b. Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon/RRFB
c. RRFB/Gateway
d. Gateway/RRFB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is considered more risk for a pedestrian? Select all that apply:
1. long crosswalk length
2. long wait time
3. presence of a pedestrian refuge island
4. Short gap size between the stop line and crosswalk
5. multiple lanes to cross
6. fast vehicle
7. an uncomfortable pedestrians i.e. temperature extremes, precipitation, pedestrian clothes
8. two-way traffic |
|
Definition
1. long crosswalk length
2. long wait time
4. Short gap size between the stop line and crosswalk
5. multiple lanes to cross
6. fast vehicle
7. an uncomfortable pedestrians i.e. temperature extremes, precipitation, pedestrian clothes
8. two-way traffic |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about the Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon? Select all that apply:
1. when both the PHB and Gateway treatments were implemented, there was even higher percentage of drivers yielding
2. PHB and Gateway treatment are equally effective but the Gateway treatment is significantly cheaper
3. PHB was more effective and cost efficient than the Gateway treatment
4. Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) increases drivers yielding over baseline
5. Traffic control device that is initiated with a button press by the pedestrian which signals to drivers to stops |
|
Definition
1. when both the PHB and Gateway treatments were implemented, there was even higher percentage of drivers yielding
2. PHB and Gateway treatment are equally effective but the Gateway treatment is significantly cheaper
4. Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon (PHB) increases drivers yielding over baseline
5. Traffic control device that is initiated with a button press by the pedestrian which signals to drivers to stops |
|
|
Term
This involves placing multiple yield-to-pedestrian signs across the road parallel to the crosswalk.
a. Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons
b. none of these
c. Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon
d. Gateway Treatment |
|
Definition
d. Gateway Treatment
The gateway treatment increased the percentage of drivers yielding versus just 1 sign placed in the road |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true regarding feedback signs for speeding? Select all that apply:
1. how speeding was defined did not impact the feedback signs effect on speeding
2. environmental context matters, meaning feedback signs for speeding were most effective when there was a reason for drivers to slow down
3. defining speeding using a lenient criteria of speeding led to fewer drivers speeding rather than using a strict criteria
4. showing higher percentages of drivers not speeding yielded more drivers not speeding than showing low numbers of people not speeding |
|
Definition
2. environmental context matters, meaning feedback signs for speeding were most effective when there was a reason for drivers to slow down
3. defining speeding using a lenient criteria of speeding led to fewer drivers speeding rather than using a strict criteria
4. showing higher percentages of drivers not speeding yielded more drivers not speeding than showing low numbers of people not speeding |
|
|
Term
Which of the following steps should be included when constructing a recording sheet? Select all that apply:
1. use symbols or clear abbreviations
2. use small print
3. look at previous examples as a model for your own
4. individualize your sheet by creating one completely from scratch
5. arrange the behaviors on the sheet in the same order that you record the behaviors |
|
Definition
1. use symbols or clear abbreviations
3. look at previous examples as a model for your own
5. arrange the behaviors on the sheet in the same order that you record the behaviors |
|
|
Term
The enforcement countermeasures in the Gainsville study included which of the following? Select all that apply:
1. beginning with citations to enforce the law
2. use of police decoy pedestrians
3. beginning with warnings to win support
4. use of flyers
5. use of a sandwich board to inform drivers that a pedestrian operation was conducted |
|
Definition
2. use of police decoy pedestrians
3. beginning with warnings to win support
4. use of flyers
5. use of a sandwich board to inform drivers that a pedestrian operation was conducted |
|
|
Term
According to Dr. Van Houten, which of the following are true statements about the monetary incentive system to reduce speeding? Select all that apply:
1. the incentive program reduced speeding in all speed limit zones
2. drivers would experience an incentive deduction level if they went over the speed limit that corresponded without how much over the speed limit they were going
3. drivers could earn money for going the speed limit
4. drivers could determine how much they could earn at the beginning of the trip
5. the incentive program reduced speeding only in school speed limit zones |
|
Definition
1. the incentive program reduced speeding in all speed limit zones
2. drivers would experience an incentive deduction level if they went over the speed limit that corresponded without how much over the speed limit they were going
3. drivers could earn money for going the speed limit
4. drivers could determine how much they could earn at the beginning of the trip |
|
|
Term
Which of the following did Dr. Van Houten use to describe the shift delay procedure that was used to increase seatbelt use? Select all that apply:
1. drivers could shift out of park as long as they put their seatbelt on within 5 seconds of shifting
2. one of the first approaches to increase seatbelt use
3. drivers could shift out of park immediately if their seatbelt was buckled
4. drivers had to wait 8 seconds to shift out of park if their seatbelt wasn't buckled |
|
Definition
2. one of the first approaches to increase seatbelt use
3. drivers could shift out of park immediately if their seatbelt was buckled
4. drivers had to wait 8 seconds to shift out of park if their seatbelt wasn't buckled |
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes the RRFB placement that results in the most drivers yielding on a divided road?
a. placing an RRFB on the right or left side only
b. placing an RRFB on both the right and the left side of the divided road
c. any of these combinations
d. placing an RRFB on the right, the median, and the left side of the road |
|
Definition
| d. placing an RRFB on the right, the median, and the left side of the road |
|
|
Term
According to Van Houten, which of the following strategies should be used when developing a treatment package? Select all that apply:
1. the package should be cost efficient
2. the package can utilize stimulus equivalence to pair stimuli
3. the package should be multi-faceted and connected by a theme
4. the package should always include citations with a fine for rule breakers
5. the package should include components that work together synergistically |
|
Definition
1. the package should be cost efficient
2. the package can utilize stimulus equivalence to pair stimuli
3. the package should be multi-faceted and connected by a theme
5. the package should include components that work together synergistically |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are common methods of measuring traffic safety behavior? Select all that apply:
1. machine measurement
2. real time observation
3. automated measurement
4. enduring product |
|
Definition
1. machine measurement
2. real time observation
3. automated measurement
enduring product measurement is not used as often because traffic safety behavior doesn't always have an enduring product |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about using RRF Beacons (RRFB) with radar to reduce speeding? Select all that apply:
1. single and double incandescent radar beacons were not as bright as the RRFB and did not reduce driver speed as much
2. the radar on the beacon is almost invisible to motorists
3. the radar on the beacon is an FCC-approved Doppler radar
4. single and double incandescent radar beacons were just as effective at reducing speed as the RRFB |
|
Definition
1. single and double incandescent radar beacons were not as bright as the RRFB and did not reduce driver speed as much
2. the radar on the beacon is almost invisible to motorists
3. the radar on the beacon is an FCC-approved Doppler radar |
|
|
Term
Where should prompting signs be placed?
a. on the lamp post at eye level
b. any of these places
c. eye level of the shoulder of traffic
d. next to the signal or traffic light |
|
Definition
d. next to the signal or traffic light
Prompting signs should be placed on the mast arm next to the light because that is where people are looking |
|
|
Term
Feedback signs have been used to help with which of the following traffic safety concerns? Select all that apply:
1. yielding
2. red light running
3. seatbelt use
4. speeding |
|
Definition
1. yielding
3. seatbelt use
4. speeding |
|
|
Term
Feedback signs were used in which cities to increase seatbelt use? Select all that apply:
1. Johnsonville, Arizona
2. Greensboro, North Carolina
3. Asheboro, North Carolina
4. Phoenix, Arizona |
|
Definition
2. Greensboro, NC
3. Asheboro, NC |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding the warning programs on speeding on Mt. Edward Rd. and Raymond St.? Select all that apply:
1. Speeding decreased on Mt. Edward Rd.
2. Speeding did not decrease on either road until citations were given
3. Speeding decreased on Raymond St. |
|
Definition
1. Speeding decreased on Mt. Edward Rd.
3. Speeding decreased on Raymond St. |
|
|
Term
A program that used pedal force to decrease speeding was effective in reducing speeding because drivers had to increase their concenration and effort to continue speeding.
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding countdown and eye signals? Select all that apply:
1. countdown signals reduces the number of people in the road at the end of the countdown and during the don't walk phases
2. countdown signals tell drivers how much time they have to get through the green light
1. countdown signals reduces the number of people in the road at the end of the countdown and during the don't walk phase
2. countdown signals tell drivers how much time they have to get through the green light
3. eye signals remind you to look while you are walking
4. countdown signals tell you how much time you have to cross the road |
|
Definition
1. countdown signals reduces the number of people in the road at the end of the countdown and during the don't walk phase
3. eye signals remind you to look while you are walking
4. countdown signals tell you how much time you have to cross the road |
|
|
Term
Match the description with the automated measurement. (data loggers, simulator labs, odds ratios, eye tracking)
1. can be placed in vehicles and can record all parameters of interest
2. using a driving simulator to collect driving behavior data. it is important to make sure the behavior in the simulator transfers to the natural environment
3. can use these to predict probability of crash while user is on a cell phone
4. can track exactly where the person is looking while they are driving |
|
Definition
1. can be placed in vehicles and can record all parameters of interest
-data loggers
2. using a driving simulator to collect driving behavior data. it is important to make sure the behavior in the simulator transfers to the natural environment
-simulator labs
3. can use these to predict probability of crash while user is on a cell phone
-odds ratios
4. can track exactly where the person is looking while they are driving
-eye tracking |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true about the Gainsville study? Select all that apply:
1. an increase in driver yielding in unstaged sites
2. an increase at staged sites but a decrease at unstaged sites
3. surveys revealed more people were seeing the feedback signs on the yielding data
4. the study used enforcement countermeasures including warnings, police decoy pedestrians, flyers, and feedback sigs
5. one unmarked crosswalk made of bricks did not see much change in drivers yielding
6. an increase in driver yielding at staged sites |
|
Definition
1. an increase in driver yielding in unstaged sites
3. surveys revealed more people were seeing the feedback signs on the yielding data
4. the study used enforcement countermeasures including warnings, police decoy pedestrians, flyers, and feedback sigs
5. one unmarked crosswalk made of bricks did not see much change in drivers yielding
6. an increase in driver yielding at staged sites |
|
|
Term
Most pedestrian accidents occur in cities at night
true
false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding the use of advance stop lines? Select all that apply:
1. pedestrians are closer to cars so they can see each other better
2. they help with right on red threat screening
3. cars are less likely to block the crosswalk
4. there is more space for pedestrians |
|
Definition
2. they help with right on red threat screening
3. cars are less likely to block the crosswalk
4. there is more space for pedestrians |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are treatment strategies that Dr. Van Houten discusses for traffic safety? Select all that apply:
1. pedestrian only roadways
2. prompting
3. increasing or reducing wait time
4. increasing or reducing effort
5. feedback systems
6. traffic light railroad gates
7. incentive systems |
|
Definition
2. prompting
3. increasing or reducing wait time
4. increasing or reducing effort
5. feedback systems
7. incentive systems |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about the study using pedal force to increase seatbelt use? Select all that apply:
1. contingent pedal resistance leads to 100% seatbelt use
2. drivers could push through the force in an emergency
3. use pedal force was ineffective in getting drivers to wear their seatbelts
4. drivers not wearing a seatbelt above 25 MPH experienced an increase of resistance on the accelerator pedal requiring an increase of response effort to continue to drive without wearing seatbelt |
|
Definition
1. contingent pedal resistance leads to 100% seatbelt use
2. drivers could push through the force in an emergency
4. drivers not wearing a seatbelt above 25 MPH experienced an increase of resistance on the accelerator pedal requiring an increase of response effort to continue to drive without wearing seatbelt |
|
|
Term
Match the description with the type of measurement used in traffic safety research. (automated measurement, enduring product, real-time observation)
1. measuring a behavior with a machine
2. measuring the product of a behavior
3. allows for recording a wide variety of behaviors that occur in time
4. may use discrete trial categorization, interval sampling, frequency recording, or duration measures
5. considered very reliable when using calibrated machines |
|
Definition
1. measuring a behavior with a machine
- automated measurement
2. measuring the product of a behavior
- enduring product
3. allows for recording a wide variety of behaviors that occur in time
- real-time observation
4. may use discrete trial categorization, interval sampling, frequency recording, or duration measures
- real-time observation
5. considered very reliable when using calibrated machines
- automated measurement |
|
|
Term
Which of the following reasons that traffic engineers welcome behavior analytic processes? Select all that apply:
1. behavior analytic data is replicable
2. behavior analytic data is subjective
3. behavior analytic principles and strategies can be tweaked to work in many situations
4. behavior analytic data is evidenced-based |
|
Definition
1. behavior analytic data is replicable
3. behavior analytic principles and strategies can be tweaked to work in many situations
4. behavior analytic data is evidenced-based |
|
|
Term
Ella is working in the city to develop some new pedestrian signs. What factors should she consider in developing her signs? Select all that apply:
1. placing the law directly on the sign
2. ensure they are frequently posted in the targeted area
3. placing the fine amount directly on the sign
4. ensure they are discriminative stimuli that signals something
5. ensure they include a continuous flashing light |
|
Definition
1. placing the law directly on the sign
2. ensure they are frequently posted in the targeted area
3. placing the fine amount directly on the sign
4. ensure they are discriminative stimuli that signals something |
|
|
Term
Declan wants to cross the road. According to Van Houten, which of the following responses can he do to increase the chances of drivers yielding to him? Select all that apply:
1. smile at oncoming cars
2. glare at oncoming cars
3. yell "STOP" at oncoming cars
4. take one step in the road
5. raise his hand at oncoming cars |
|
Definition
1. smile at oncoming cars
4. take one step in the road
5. raise his hand at oncoming cars |
|
|
Term
High visibility pedestrian enforcement results in which of the following? Select all that apply:
1. must always result in a fined citation for the drivers
2. increases discussions of the rule amongst drivers
3. makes use of rule-governed behavior |
|
Definition
2. increases discussions of the rule amongst drivers
3. makes use of rule-governed behavior |
|
|
Term
In the warning programs for speeding, which of the following is true?
1. all speeding drivers were pulled over by a police officer and received a warning or a citation if their speeding was very high
2. a replication in Israel resulted in a reduction in crashes
3. only drivers that received fined citations reduced their speeding
4. program resulted in decreased speeding and the results lasted for a year |
|
Definition
1. all speeding drivers were pulled over by a police officer and received a warning or a citation if their speeding was very high
2. a replication in Israel resulted in a reduction in crashes
4. program resulted in decreased speeding and the results lasted for a year |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true about using prompts for traffic safety behavior? Select all that apply:
1. prompts should be specific
2. prompts should include consequences such as fine or point loss
3. prompts should consider the location and timing of the response
4. prompt location is not as important as prompt timing
5. prompts should be placed where the person is likely to be looking and a time when they are likely to look at it |
|
Definition
1. prompts should be specific
2. prompts should include consequences such as fine or point loss
3. prompts should consider the location and timing of the response
5. prompts should be placed where the person is likely to be looking and a time when they are likely to look at it |
|
|
Term
Feedback signs were posted on ___________ streets and included the percentage of drivers that had yielded to pedestrians from the previous week and the ____________.
a. quiet/percentage from the current week
b. quiet/record of drivers that had yielded to pedestrians
c. busy/record of drivers that had yielded to pedestrians
d. busy/percentage from current week |
|
Definition
| c. busy/record of drivers that had yielded to pedestrians |
|
|
Term
Countdown signals and a _________ turn radius ___________ pedestrian safety.
a. smaller/increase
b. bigger/increase
c. smaller/decrease
d. bigger/decrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are true regarding behavior principles for signs, markings, and signals? Select all that apply:
1. they should provide feedback and consequences such as a fine amount, law, countdown timer, etc.
2. they should be effective discriminative stimuli
3. they should be small and nondescript so as not to distract the drivers
4. they should function as prompts that guide behaviors
5. they should signal something they should not be on all the time or they lose their signaling effect |
|
Definition
1. they should provide feedback and consequences such as a fine amount, law, countdown timer, etc.
2. they should be effective discriminative stimuli
4. they should function as prompts that guide behaviors
5. they should signal something they should not be on all the time or they lose their signaling effect |
|
|
Term
In order to avoid a multiple threat crash, you should do what when you cross the street? Select all that apply:
1. look after each stopped car
2. stop after each stopped car
3. walk quickly past all the cars without stopping |
|
Definition
1. look after each stopped car
2. stop after each stopped car |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding the night data on RRFBs? Select all that apply:
1. The RRFB produced minimal increases in the percentages of drivers yielding
2. Two Beacons produced the same percentage of drivers yielding as three Beacons
3. Both 2 and 3 RRFB beacons resulted in much higher percentages of drivers yielding
4. placing a third beacon in the median as well as on each side of the road yielded the highest percentage of drivers yielding |
|
Definition
3. Both 2 and 3 RRFB beacons resulted in much higher percentages of drivers yielding
4. placing a third beacon in the median as well as on each side of the road yielded the highest percentage of drivers yielding |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true regarding the data from the 19 sites using RRFB? Select all that apply:
1. yielding was going down over time
2. yielding was going up over time
3. it was rare to see a site go below 80% yielding
4. certain sites were getting 90% yielding |
|
Definition
2. yielding was going up over time
3. it was rare to see a site go below 80% yielding
4. certain sites were getting 90% yielding |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements did Dr. Van Houten use to describe the conditioned avoidance procedure that was used to increase seatbelt use? Select all that was applied:
1. some drivers tampered with or destroyed the system
2. it involved a chime and buzz that sounded after traveling a short distance without your seatbelt buckled
3. the buzz would function in the future as an aversive stimulus that the driver wants to avoid
4. increase seatbelt use in some drivers
5. increase seatbelt use in all drivers |
|
Definition
1. some drivers tampered with or destroyed the system
2. it involved a chime and buzz that sounded after traveling a short distance without your seatbelt buckled
3. the buzz would function in the future as an aversive stimulus that the driver wants to avoid
4. increase seatbelt use in some drivers |
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