geometric spreading

reflection

absorption

refraction

scattering

Doppler shift

-- sound intensity "si" decreases as distance "d_s" from the source increases.

[si=1/(d_s)²]

or

6 decibels "dB" decrease in si per 2(d_s)

-- from sound spreading hence the term

-- all frequencies affected equally

-- same as light if object is large w/ surface grain small relative to wavelength

-- angle of wave hitting surface is equal to angle of reflected wave

--low vegetation high diffusion of wave

-- water surface significant reflection(causes high amplitudes or missing frequencies)

-- reflection not only occurs from two different media but also changes in the properties of the same media(air masses with different temp or humidity)