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| Research on positive characteristics - happiness, optimism, resilience |
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| High-tech scanning devices and other methods are used to study biological processes of the brain and other organs + how they affect/are affected by behavior and other mental processes |
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| Changes in behavior and mental processes that occur from birth to old age, and they try to understand the causes and effects |
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| study mental (cognitive) abilities such underlying judgements decision making, problem solving, imagining, etc. (human thought) |
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| Similarities and differences between people. (tests, interviews, surveys) |
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| Clinical and Counseling Psychologist |
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| research causes of mental disorders + offer services to help |
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| ensure that psychological services reach EVERYONE who needs help |
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| Study effects of behavior on health and effects of illnesses on behavior and emotion |
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| Educational Psychologists |
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| Conduct research and develop theories about teaching and learning |
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| IQ testing, diagnosing learning disabilities, etc. Also help detect student's mental health problems |
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| way people think about themselves and others and how people influence on another |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychologist |
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| Study leadership, stress,competition, pay scales, etc. that affect efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and the organizations that employ them |
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| Quantitative Psychologists |
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| develop and use statistical tools to analyze vast amounts of data-- They use these to test validity of psych. tests, relationships between childhood experiences and adult behavior, and even to estimate relative contribution of heredity and environment in determining intelligence. |
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| First Psychologists-- Some knowledge is innate debated nature of the mind and soul; Relationship between mind and body (3 ppl) |
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| Socrates, Plato, Aristotle |
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| 17th century Psychologists -- Empiricism, tabula rasa (no knowledge is innate but gained through sensation/directory sensory experiences (3 ppl) |
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| John Locke, George Burkley, David Hume |
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| Studied psychophysics -- relatonship between psychical stimuli and psychological experience of them |
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| 1879 -- He is the father of psychology introspection- quality and intensity are two essential elements of any sensation; first psychology lab in Germany, used empirical research |
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| He also used introspection but added "clarity" as an element of sensation |
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| He focused on capacities, limitations, ad other characteristics of mental processes such as learning and memory; participated in own experiments |
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| German gestalt psychologists who saw consciousness as totality. Believed the whole is greater than the sum of it's individual parts- movie still analogy (3 ppl) |
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| Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler |
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| Believed that all behavior is motivated by psychological processes, esp unconscious conflicts within the mind |
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| 1st US psychologist who developed a psych. lab at Harvard. (Functionalism)Focus on the role of consciousness in guiding decisions, solving problems, etc. |
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| Functionalist who founded the first psychology research lab in the US at John Hopkins University (1883) |
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| Functionalist and pioneer in research on child development; founded 1st Canadian psychology lab at the University of Toronto (1889) |
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"The Consciousness in unobservable and should be ignored"
Behaviorism -- Observation of overt behavior & responses to various stimuli (learning determines behavior & adaption) |
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| Champion of Behaviorism, functional analysis and behavior - explained how rewards & punishments shape, maintain, and change behaviors through operant conditioning |
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Structuralism
The goals were to study conscious experience and it's structure through experiments and introspection. Which early advocated who was trained by Wilhelm Wundt, studied this? |
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Gestalt Psychology
To describe the organization of metal processes through observation of sensory/perceptual phenomena. "The whole is greater than the sum of it's parts." Which early advocate studied this? |
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Psychoanalysis
To explain personality and behavior; to develop techniques for treating mental disorders through the study of individual cases. Which early advocate studied this? |
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Functionalism
To study how the mind works in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment through naturalistic observation of animal and human behavior. |
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Behaviorism
To study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning principles. Studied by observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. Which two early advocates studied this? |
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| John B. Watson and B.f. Skinner |
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| Approach - Emphasizes activity of the nervous system, esp. of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics |
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| Approach - Emphasizes the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival |
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| Approach - Emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environment obstacles to their expression |
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| Approach - Emphasizes learning, esp. each person's experience with rewards and punishment |
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| Approach - Emphasizes mechanisms through which people receive, store, retrieve, and otherwise process information |
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| Approach - Emphasizes individual potential for growth in guiding behavior and mental processes |
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| Observing without interference as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment |
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| Intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation. |
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| Involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions. |
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| Examines relationships between variable in order to analyze trends in data, to test predictions, to evaluate theories, and to suggest new hypotheses |
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| The _________ group in an experiment receives the experimental treatment. |
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| The _________ group in an experiment receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group. |
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| The ________________ variable is manipulates by the researcher in an experiment. |
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| This factor is affected by the independent variable. |
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| In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable. |
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| In an experiment, a confounding variable in which uncontrolled or uncontrollable factors affect the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable. |
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| The procedure by which random variables are evenly distributed in an experiment by putting participants into random groups through a random process |
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| A physical or psychological treatment that contains no active ingredient but produces an affect because the person receiving it believes it will |
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| A confounding variable that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally encourages participants to respond in way that supports the hypothesis |
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| A research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group |
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| The Process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study |
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| A group of research participants whose characteristics fairly reflect the characteristics of the population of which they were selected |
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| A group of research participants who are selected from a population whose members all had an equal chance of being chosen |
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| A group of research participants selected from a population each of whose members did not have an equal chance of being chosen |
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| The study of how genes and environment work together to shape behavior |
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| Numbers that summarize a set of research data |
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| A set of mathematical procedures that help psychologist make inferences about what their research data mean |
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| Measure of variability that is the average difference between each score and the mean set of data |
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