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| the scientific study of behavior and the mind |
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| the quest for knowledge purely for its own sake |
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| designed to solve specific, practical problems |
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| the belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body |
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| the view that the mind and body are one and that the mind is not a separate spiritual entity |
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| school which held that all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically, that is, through the senses. |
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| the study of how psychologically experienced sensations depend on the characteristics of physical stimuli |
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| the analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements |
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| school which held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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| searches for the causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality(our unique pattern of traits, emotions, and motives), emphasizing the role of unconscious processes |
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| the analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces |
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| psychological techniques that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences. |
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| object relations theories |
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| focus on how early experiences with caregivers shape the views that people form of themselves and others |
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| focuses on the role of the external environment in governing our actions |
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| a school of thought that emphasizes environmental control of behavior through learning |
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| proposes that learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave |
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| humanistic perspective(humanism) |
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| emphasizes free will, personal growth, and the attempt to find meaning in one's existence |
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| positive psychology movement |
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| emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living |
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| examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behavior |
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| examined how elements of experience are organized into wholes |
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| focuses on the study of mental processes |
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| uses sophisticated electrical recording and brain imaging techniques to examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks |
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| maintains that what we consider "reality" is largely our own mental creation |
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| sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
| examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings |
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| refers to the enduring values, beliefs, behaviors, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and passed from one generation to the next |
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| rules(often unwritten) that specify what behavior is acceptable and expected for members of a cultural group |
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| is the process by which culture is transmitted to new members and internalized by them |
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| explores how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similarities and differences among people from diverse cultures |
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| an emphasis on personal goals and self-identity based primarily on one's own attributes and achievements |
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| individual goals are subordinated to those of the group and personal identity is defined largely by the ties that bind one to extended family and other social groups |
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| examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior |
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| examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts |
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| chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another |
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| the study of how behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors |
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| belief that if an inherited trait gives certain members of a species an advantage over others these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring |
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| discipline that seeks to explain how evolution shaped modern behavior |
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| means that the way in which one factor influences behavior depends on the presence of another factor |
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