Term
|
Definition
| An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event |
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Term
|
Definition
| A motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a consequence (reinforcer or punisher). |
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Term
|
Definition
| A motivating operation that decreases the effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a consequence (reinforcer or punisher). |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in the momentary frequency of behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
A decrease in the momentary frequency of
behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
The effect of a stimulus on a specific
response may be innate, due to the
evolutionary history of that species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| MO related to reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| EO related to reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| AO related to reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| EO related to positive reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| EO related to negative reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| EO related to positive punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| EO related to negative punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| AO related to positive reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| AO related to negative reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| AO related to positive punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| AO related to negative punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| UEO related to positive reinforcement |
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Term
|
Definition
| CEO related to positive reinforcement |
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Term
| Condition motivating operations |
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Definition
| A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history. |
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Term
|
Definition
Acquire the properties of an EO through
contingent pairing with UEOs in much the same way that stimuli become S’s through pairing. |
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Term
|
Definition
Acquire the properties of an AO through
contingent pairing with UAOs in much the same way that stimuli become S’s through
pairing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An event that establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes, and thus establishes that second stimulus as a reinforcer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decrease in the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer and abate behavior which is maintained by the reinforcer whose value has been lowered (decreased). |
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Term
|
Definition
Establishes its own termination as an
effective form of negative reinforcement or punishment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abolishes its own termination as an effective form of negative reinforcement or punishment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An EO for negative reinforcement; evokes avoidance behavior and evokes behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An AO for negative reinforcement; abates avoidance behavior and abated behavior that has resulted in its own termination in the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
An EO for negative punishment; abates
behavior that has resulted in its own
termination in the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
An AO for negative punishment; evokes
behavior that has resulted in its own
termination in the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavior that terminates an aversive
stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a response terminates a warning stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
A conditioned aversive stimulus whose
presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the onset of painful stimulation establishes the reduction or offset of this stimulation as an effective form of reinforcement and evokes behavior that achieved such reduction or offset. |
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Term
|
Definition
The application of the principles of operant and respondent learning derived from the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of methods and procedures validated by ABA researchers to assess and improve
socially important human behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
Life changes that represent a person’s
aspirations, dreams, and broad preferences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior and behavior change |
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Term
|
Definition
| those skills or abilities that enable the individual to meet standards of personal independence and responsibility that would be expected of his or her age and social group |
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Term
|
Definition
Any defined, observable, and measurable
behavior which is the focus of assessment, analysis, and intervention. |
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Term
| Types of problems with behavior |
|
Definition
| Skill deficits, problems with strength of behavior, problems with performance, problems with stimulus control, problems with generality, behavior excesses. |
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Term
| Reasons for selecting target behavior |
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Definition
| Helps individual achieve outcomes, behavior deficit makes the person too dependent on others, behavior is harmful, dangerous or illegal, behavior is controlled by meds or restraints, behavior excludes individual from social situations, behavior interferes with independent functioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The treatment goals and the achieved outcomes are acceptable, socially relevant, and useful to the individual receiving services and to those who care about the individual. |
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Term
| Characteristics of a good response definition |
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Definition
| objective, clear, complete |
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Term
|
Definition
| The practitioner gathers basic information about the case, determines if behavioral services are appropriate, and if he/she is the appropriate provider of those services. |
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Term
| Steps of preliminary assessment |
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Definition
| Determine who has the authority to give consent for services; Determine whether or not you have the permission, skills, time, and resources to begin assessment; Complete intake paperwork or the equivalent (may be done by cleric); Review records and available data; Meet client and begin observations; Document |
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Term
|
Definition
The quantitative results of deliberate,
planned, and usually controlled observation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Singular form of the term ‘data’ |
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Term
| Characteristics of a good response definition |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Continuous response measures |
|
Definition
Directly measure a dimensional quantity
of behavior
(direct) |
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|
Term
| Discontinuous response measures |
|
Definition
Do not measure bx directly
(indirect) |
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|
Term
Dimensional quantities of continuous
response measures |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Record time observation began
Count the responses
Record time observation ended
Divide: Count/unit of time
Report as rate per unit of time |
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Term
| Event recording of restricted operants |
|
Definition
Record time observation began
Record each antecedent
Record each response
Record time observation ended
Report as (Responses/Antecedents)/unit
of time
Duration per session Total amount of time an individual engages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total amount of time an individual engages in an activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amount of time a target behavior occupies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Specify when to start recording (at the onset or the offset of the stimulus).
Specify when to stop recording (at the
beginning or end of the response cycle) |
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Term
| Inter-response time recording |
|
Definition
Start timing at the END of the response
cycle.
Stop timing at the BEGINNING of the
next response cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
When given the rate, provided that the
variability is not too great, or that there are no outliers |
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Term
| Dimensionless quantities of discontinuous response measures |
|
Definition
Percent occurrence
Trials to criterion
Discrete categorization
Partial interval recording
Whole interval recording
Momentary time sampling
PLACHECK |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar to event recording of a restricted or discriminated operant which has been converted into a percent. |
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Term
|
Definition
The number of consecutive opportunities
to respond required to achieve a
performance Record each opportunity to respond the performance standard is met. |
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Term
|
Definition
The number of consecutive opportunities
to respond required to achieve a
performance Record each opportunity to respond the performance standard is met. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The number of consecutive opportunities
to respond required to achieve a
performance Record each opportunity to respond the performance standard is met. |
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Term
|
Definition
The number of consecutive opportunities
to respond required to achieve a
performance Record each opportunity to respond the performance standard is met. |
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Term
| Trials to criterion steps |
|
Definition
1. Determine what one trial will be
2. Decide how to report (number of trials or number of block trials)
3. Record count as the measure
4. Present data |
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Term
|
Definition
A method for classifying responses into
discrete categories |
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Term
| Partial interval recording |
|
Definition
A discontinuous response measure in
which a recording session is broken into short intervals of time. The observer records whether the behavior occurred at any time during the
interval |
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Term
|
Definition
A discontinuous response measure in
which a recording session is broken into short intervals of time. At the end of each interval the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the interval |
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Term
|
Definition
A discontinuous response measure in
which a response is recorded as
occurring only if it occurs at the point in time in which an interval ends. |
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Term
|
Definition
A group of individuals is observed at the end of an interval
Count how many of individuals are
engaging in the target behavior(s)
Compare with the total number of
individuals
Percent of individuals engaging in
behavior(s) |
|
|
Term
Factors to consider when selecting a
response measure |
|
Definition
The dimensional quantity of interest.
The estimated rate of the behavior.
Whether to measure responses or
episodes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Measuring the results of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| The consistency of measurement |
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Term
|
Definition
The coefficient of agreement between
two or more independent observers.
Usually calculated as a percentage by
dividing the number of agreements by the total number of agreements plus
disagreements, then multiplying by 100. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Competence of new observers
Detecting observer drift
Validate collection methods
Increase confidence that interventions
are responsible for behavior change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The degree to which an intervention is
implemented as described/designated |
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|
Term
| The two main methods of IOA |
|
Definition
Total count
Percent agreement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Total agreement in each interval
Number of intervals
X 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
# of intervals with 100% agreement /
Number of intervals
X 100 |
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|
Term
| IOA should be at or above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
IOA should be collected and scored for a
minimum of ___ of observations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A systematic form of data examination,
characterized by visual inspection of
graphical displays of those data. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Data may be embedded in text.
2. Data may be presented in summary
form, usually as a structured data
table (a numerical representation of
data).
3. Data may be presented in graphical
form (a visual representation of data). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A relatively simple visual format for
displaying data. |
|
|
Term
| Graphic displays used in ABA |
|
Definition
Equal interval line graph
Cumulative records
Bar graph
Semi logarithmic graphs |
|
|
Term
| Equal interval line graph |
|
Definition
| Based on a Cartesian* plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines (one vertical, on horizontal). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any point within the plane of the chart
represents a specific relationship between the two variables (dimensions) measured along each of the axis lines. |
|
|
Term
| Common Uses of Line Graphs |
|
Definition
Most commonly used format for
charting ABA data
Used to evaluate treatment
effectiveness
Used in functional analyses |
|
|
Term
| Parts of an Equal Interval Line Graph |
|
Definition
The horizontal X-axis
The vertical Y-axis
Data points
The data path
Condition and phase change lines
Condition and phase change labels
Figure legend |
|
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Term
|
Definition
X-axis.
The abscissa.
Represents the passage of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Y-axis
The ordinate
Represents the range of values of the
dependent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can be marked according to the needs of the behavior analyst, to promote the most useful analysis
Can be marked as any specified
recorded observation periods, over a
period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Equal movements up the Y-axis represent
equal increases in the behavior
The behavior should be expressed in whole time units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs from zero up to some number which is chosen by the creator of the graph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individually measured value of the target behavior (the DV) at a given point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A series of straight lines connecting
successive data points within a phase or condition.
It represents the relationship between the IV and the DV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major changes occur in the independent
variable
A major (usually permanent) change in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Document phase changes
placed at a point along the X-axis indicating the point in time when the phase change occurred
for a clear visual separation between the data charted before the phase change, and the data collected after the phase change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Minor changes occur in the independent
variable
A minor (usually temporary) change in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States what time periods are represented by each successive data point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States what response measure was used to measure the dependent variable – the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brief labels, placed at the top of the chart, and identify each separate major phase of treatment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mark changes occurring within a phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A concise statement that provides you with:
Sufficient information to identify the
dependent variables and the independent
variables, and
Possibly other salient information necessary to visually interpret the data. |
|
|
Term
| Visual Analysis of a Graph |
|
Definition
Level
Variability
Trend
The number of data points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The mean (average) value of a set of data points, usually across an entire condition or phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The overall direction taken by the data path through a set of data points |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outlying data points skew the level line in a way that makes it non-representative of the data set as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The direction and degree of trend in a series of graphically displayed data points can be visually represented with a straight line drawn through the data. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bisect the data, with close to an equal
number of data points above the line as
below the line. |
|
|
Term
| Split Middle Line of Progress |
|
Definition
| A mathematical way to calculate trend |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed by Skinner as the primary means of data collection and analysis in EAB laboratory research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is primarily used in EAB.
Each response moves the ink stylus one
unit (click) along its track.
When it reaches the end of the track, it resets to zero and begins moving again, one click at a time.
Paper moves under the stylus at a steady rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The vertical axis represents the value of a dependent variable
The horizontal axis represents a phase,
condition, or classification variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Repeated, systematic presentation and
removal of an independent variable (or IV)While measuring changes in the dependent variable (or DV) and holding other factors constant |
|
|
Term
The primary goals of systematic
experimental manipulation |
|
Definition
To demonstrate a functional relation
between the IV and DV
and
To evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changes in an antecedent or consequent
stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which an analysis assures that measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and not due to uncontrolled extraneous variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Threats to internal validity |
|
Definition
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Diffusion of treatment
Regression towards the mean
Selection bias
Attrition |
|
|
Term
| Minimizing Validity Threats |
|
Definition
Measurement
Stability
Immediacy
Replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Baseline phase followed by a treatment
phase
Effect is demonstrated when behavior
changes from one phase to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Baseline is followed by a treatment
condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intervention is applied to the target behavior after a baseline phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two or more independent baselines are
established.
The independent variable is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each baseline.
When behavior is stable for the first baseline, the independent variable is introduced on the second baseline, and so on. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First baseline is continuous, but subsequent baseline data collection is conducted on an intermittent basis relative to the first baseline |
|
|
Term
| Changing Criterion Design |
|
Definition
The treatment phase is divided into
subphases.
Each subphase involves a different
behavioral criterion (i.e., a different value of the IV).
Criterion in each subphase more closely
resembles the terminal behavioral goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Implement bi-directional changes to bolster demonstration of experimental control
Changing criteria to a previous subphase
value and observing that behavior reverts to that criterion |
|
|
Term
Component Analyses/
Sequential Withdrawal |
|
Definition
Systematically withdrawing treatment
components to see if behavior change is
maintained. |
|
|
Term
Component Analyses/
Sequential Withdrawal |
|
Definition
Systematically withdrawing treatment
components to see if behavior change is
maintained. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The systematic examination of the effects of a range of values of the IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evaluate whether treatment effects are
evident before treatment occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Events not related to the IV that may affect the dependent variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The effects on a person’s behavior in one condition can be influenced by the subject’s experience in a prior condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concluding that the independent variable has produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact the relation does not exist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concluding that the independent variable has not produced a change in the dependent variable when in fact it has. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The independent variables are implemented as dictated by the research or treatment plan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Examination of the acceptability or viability of a programmed intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic gathering of information in order to make data-based decisions, regarding behavior and the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Components of a Functional Assessment |
|
Definition
Preliminary indirect assessment
Direct descriptive assessment
Functional analysis (systematic
manipulations) |
|
|
Term
| Indirect Assessment Methods |
|
Definition
Record Review
Interview
Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires |
|
|
Term
| Direct Assessment Methods |
|
Definition
Narrative Recording
ABC Data Collection
Measuring Dimensional and Dimensionless
Quantities of Behavior
Scatterplots
Observation of Permanent Products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Information regarding:
current and past behavioral repertoire
environmental factors
medical history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consist of questions to ask within pre-selected topics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Select instrument
Decide who to interview
Decide where and when
Make an appointment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Build rapport
Informally observe:
Behavior
Environment
Appearance of persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ask open-ended questions
Ask follow-up questions
Acknowledge responses
Write notes or use recorder |
|
|
Term
| Functional Assessment Interview Goals |
|
Definition
Identify, define, and describe:
The behaviors
Potential ecological events
Events that predict occurrence of behaviors
Potential function of behaviors
Efficiency of behaviors
Functionally equivalent alternative behaviors
Communication methods
Potential reinforcers
History of target behavior and treatment(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Review notes/recording(s)
Summarize the findings:
Describe behavior
Identify environmental factors
Identify potential functions
Identify functionally equivalent behavior
Decide whether to continue behavioral
assessment |
|
|
Term
| Preference Assessment (PA) |
|
Definition
Methods for identifying an individual’s
preferences for tangible items or activities |
|
|
Term
Three general ways to conduct
preference assessments |
|
Definition
Indirect (informant-based)
Naturalistic, direct observation
Reinforcer sampling (empirical) |
|
|
Term
| Indirect (informant-based) |
|
Definition
| Interview or questionnaire |
|
|
Term
| Naturalistic direct observation |
|
Definition
| Observation of daily activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systematic preference assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conducted following a preference
assessment to determine if the stimulus is a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No programmed consequences for task
completion.
During reinforcement phase (B), contingent
on task completion (typically on an FR1), the
stimulus is delivered. |
|
|
Term
| Concurrent operant assessment |
|
Definition
Two identical tasks are available
No programmed consequences for
completing either task
Increase in task completion from BL to Sr
phase, stimulus = reinforcer |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Stimulus with Replacement |
|
Definition
| All stimuli presented on every trial |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Stimulus without Replacement |
|
Definition
| All stimuli presented on 1st trial, selected stimuli removed on subsequent trials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli presented in pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All stimuli available for entire session
Free to interact with as many or as few
stimuli as they want
No stimuli are removed during the
assessment |
|
|
Term
| Competing Stimulus Assessment |
|
Definition
Duration-based assessment designed to
determine the extent to which stimuli
displace problem behavior |
|
|
Term
| Progressive Ratio (PR) Schedules |
|
Definition
Assess reinforcer effectiveness as the
response requirement increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of behavioral assessment used to
determine functional relations between
challenging behavior and environmental events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional behavioral assessment (FBA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct descriptive functional assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preliminary Indirect Assessment |
|
Definition
| Interviews and rating scales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct observation of behavior and environmental events in real-life contexts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manipulation of antecedent events in natural settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systematic manipulations of environmental events and observation of target behavior in a controlled setting |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive Assessment Procedures |
|
Definition
Scatterplot analysis
Narrative recording
ABC data collection
Data collection of target behavior under different contexts/conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A data collection form for problem behavior and
the intervals of time behavior occurred.
It provides a graphic display of data in a grid
format.
It is used to identify patterns of responding in
natural settings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observer produces a written narrative of an individual’s responses throughout a specific period of time and a description of the environmental conditions under which the responses were emitted |
|
|
Term
| Narrative Recording and ABC Charting |
|
Definition
| Allows one to start to identify idiosyncratic antecedents and consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic presentation and/or examination of information or data regarding the target behavior and its conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic presentation and examination of information or data regarding target behavior and its stimulus conditions in an A-B-C format |
|
|
Term
| Types of functional assessments |
|
Definition
Indirect Assessment (verbal report)
Descriptive Assessment (naturalistic observation)
Functional Analysis (experimental manipulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change in an independent variable (IV) produces orderly and predictable change in a dependent variable (DV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Direct observation
Measurement of behavior under test and control conditions |
|
|
Term
| Functional Analysis Methodology |
|
Definition
| To test a specific hypothesis about the controlling variables for problem behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple tests conditions can be elevated relative to the control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapidly alternate between conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One condition ran at a time
Less common because of amount of time
required |
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Term
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Definition
Fairly common
More efficient than reversal
One test condition alternated with control
May assist in discriminability of conditions |
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