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| smallest unit of most compounds that displays all the properties of that compound |
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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| a subatomic particle with no charge; found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| negatively charged particle; located in the space surrounding the nucleus |
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| the center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons |
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The outermost energy level
the level where the electrons in an atom are available to form bonds (assuming it is reactive) |
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The outermost energy level of most atoms will be complete when containing 8 electrons. Atoms will tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability by having a full outer energy level (stable octest.)
The outer energy level is also known as the valence level |
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| pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Can be found on the periodic table |
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| the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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Usually a 1 or 2 letter abbreviation for the element's name.
Example: C is the symbol for Carbon. Na is the symbol for Sodium |
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| an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties |
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
1 2 3 4
The four most common elements in living things, each takes the respective number of bonds (Hydrogen = 1, Oxygen = 2, etc.) |
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The reactivity of an atom depends upon the arrangement of electrons in its outermost (valence) energy level
only REACTIVE atoms are able to form bonds
According to our duet and octet rule, only valence levels that are not complete will be reactive |
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sharing, taking, or giving electron(s) to compelte the atom's valence energy level
*a chemical bond between two elements forms a compound |
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a bond in which moving electrons actually travel about the nuclei of two atoms (at the same time)
*electrons are SHARED between two atoms
SHARED = keyword for covalent bond |
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| When an atom's valence level is complete (according to duet or octet rule) it will not need to form bonds, therefore it is said to be stable/unreactive (happy!) |
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| The valence level of an atom is not complete, and so is searching to form a bond(s) |
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Because atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons, their positive and negative charges balance out and atoms themselves are electrically neutral.
In other worms, atoms have no charge
(^ just for this class' purposes) |
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proton = positive
electron = negative |
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| used to determine how many atoms of each element make up a compound |
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tells you:
1- types of elements
2- numbers of atoms of each element
3- the arrangement of atoms and location of covalent bonds. two dimensional shape of the molecule
each line between atoms represents a position where electrons are SHARED; therefore, a line represents a covalent bond
*structural formulas usually represent covalent bonding |
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| a mathematical representation of a chemical reaction. It shows the numbers and types of compounds involved |
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large number BEFORE formula
tells how many molecules of that substance |
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small number WITHIN formula
goes with the element symbol preceding the number
tells how many atoms of that element within one molecule of the substance
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| elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
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| elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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| matter (atoms and elements) in a chemical reaction cannot be created nor destroyed. Only the arrangement of the atoms is changed. Not the number or types! |
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