Term
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Definition
-anesthetic
-anticonvulsant
-euthanasia |
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Term
| How to convert grains to mg? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are barbiturates controlled substances? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are barbiturates classified? |
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Definition
-long-acting: PHENObarbital has oxygen side chain
-short-acting: PENTObarbital has oxygen side chain
-ultrashort-acting: Thiopental / Pentothal has sulfur side chain; methohexital |
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Term
| What drug is used as truth serum in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is primarily used as an anticonvulsant. Why is it not used as an anesthetic anymore? |
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Definition
| phenobarbital; prolonged anesthesia (4-8 hrs is too long) |
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Term
| Phenobarbital comes as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pentobarbital comes as... |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is not intended for IM use, but it causes no tissue rxn if used that way. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-rarely anesthesia (45-90 min)
-anticonvulsant, status epilepticus
-euthanasia |
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Term
| Fancy term for "to stop a seizure"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prolonged seizure pts may be given ___ which comes in a 1mL vial. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thiopental/Pentothal can be given... |
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Definition
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Term
| Use of thiopental/pentothal: |
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Definition
| -induction/maintenance of gen. anesth. (10-30 min) |
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Term
| What drug can be given IV as either 5% or 2.5% solution? Why choose one or the other? |
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Definition
| thiopental/pentothal; 5% more likely to slough if perivascular, but 2.5% requires admin of huge volumes |
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Term
| How to prepare thiopental/pentothal from the package? |
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Definition
-5g powder
-mix with sterile water
-100 ml for 5%, 200 ml for 2.5% |
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Term
| How to prevent tissue sloughing from perivascular injection: |
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Definition
-fluid infiltration
-Lidocaine to prevent licking
-heat/massage to ^circulation |
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Term
| Properties of barbiturates: |
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Definition
-hepatic enzyme inducer (build up tolerance)
-depresses resp, then heart
-protein bound
-very lipid soluble (most = ultra-short acting) |
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Term
| Properties of lipid-soluble drugs: |
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Definition
-crosses BBB faster, so quicker action
-quickly redistributes to fat and then leaks out, so circ. drug metab. slowly
-subsequent injections = more in fat = longer recovery |
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Term
| What is meant by "hepatic enzyme inducer"? |
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Definition
| 1st time you take the drug, you have no enzymes to metabolize it, so you get suuuper high. Subsequent times, your liver makes enzymes, so you build up a tolerance. |
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Term
| If a patient has low TP before Sx, how would you need to adjust the dose of barbiturates? |
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Definition
| decrease dose because less of drug will be tied up in protein |
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Term
| What sort of patients are easily OD'd on barbiturates? |
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Definition
-sighthounds because they have so little fat, so the drug stays in circulation (give a lower dose!!)
(greyhound, borzoi, saluki, whippet, afghan, Irish wolf hound, etc.) |
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Term
| What drug is metabolized by the body into phenobarbital and wastes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should you monitor/adjust dosing for a seizure patient? |
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Definition
| -check phenobarbital levels, if it's within the therapeutic range and isn't preventing seizures, switch to a different drug. If it's below the therapeutic range and patient is seizuring, raise the dose. |
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Term
| How to dose and administer barbiturates for anesthesia: |
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Definition
| -give 1/2 to 2/3 calculated dose in a bolus -wait ~30sec to see how animal is affected, then titrate to effect -rule of thumb: 2.5% solution give 1ml/5# |
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Term
| What drug did Dr. Keller show us that loses effectiveness and precipitates out very quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is there variation in recovery for pts receiving barbiturates? |
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Definition
| -obese pts receive too much total barb because the fat soaks it all up -lean animals need lower doses, only wears off after enough is metabolized -young pts can OD and recover slower because little fat, less hepatic function -old pts recover slower bc liver function/circulation problems -shock pts blood pools in circ, little fat distrib or hepatic metab -repeated doses saturate fat -excited animals get higher dose, lasts longer in body -chronic use --> tolerance |
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Term
| Precautions with barbiturates: |
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Definition
-avoid in sighthounds / super thin pts
-lower dose for obese
-caution in liver pts
-sloughing if perivascular
-non-reversible
-no analgesia
-apnea after bolus
-arrhythmias (VPC esp)
-strength of solution weakens over days
-can precipitate out |
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Term
| EXAMPLE: When using barbiturates, a 60# beagle should be given the dose of a ___# beagle. |
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Definition
| 30#, because obese pts need less barbs |
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Term
| What potentiates the effects of barbiturates: |
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Definition
-hypoproteinemia
-acidosis
-hypovolemia (poor circ, mostly to brain/heart)
-atropine
-hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
-drug dosing chart
-ET tubes
-ambu bag
-IV caths
-heparin
-epi
-dopram/doxapram
-diazepam
-atropine
-dexamethasone
-calcium gluconate
-lidocaine
-reversal agents
-syringes
-other supplies |
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Term
| All of the drugs on the crash box chart can be given... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dose for intratracheal administration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epinephrine is used to... |
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Definition
| -tx cardiopulmonary arrest and anaphylactic rxn/shock |
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Term
| Epi comes in what dilutions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Important notes about the type of epinephrine you should have in a crash box. |
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Definition
-not one that needs refrigeration
-not mixed with lidocaine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1:10000 = how many mg/ml? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -^ heart contractility (+ ionotrope) |
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Term
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Definition
| modifying the force or speed of contraction of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-dilate skeletal muscle vessels
-dilate bronchi |
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Term
| What receptor would you want to stimulate in a case of anaphylaxis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -ateriole vasoconstriction (periphery) |
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Term
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Definition
| -increase skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| What receptor would you want to stimulate if CPR is required? |
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Definition
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Term
| CS of organophosphate poisoning: |
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Definition
S-alivation
L-acrimation
U-rination
D-efecation
(D-yspnea)
E-emesis |
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Term
| What drug is the antidote for organophosphate poisoning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug is the antidote for PVCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Combo epi/lidocaine is generally used for... |
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Definition
| superficial wound repair or growth removal |
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Term
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Definition
CVA - Cerebral Vascular Accident
SPA - Spinal Vascular Accident |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has become dislodged from another site in the circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble. |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow |
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Term
| Traits of corticosteroids: |
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Definition
-anti-inflammatory
-counteracts shock
-helps relieve pain
-sense of well-being/euphoria
-part of tx of CVA/SVA/intervertebral disc rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| -head tilt, nystagmus, walk in circles |
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Term
| Azium is the ____ name for ____. |
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Definition
| Azium is brand name of dexamethasone. |
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Term
| Name the 2 corticosteroids from PP: |
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Definition
| -Solu Delta Cortef (prednisolone) -dexamethasone (Azium) |
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Term
| How is dexamethasone packaged: |
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Definition
| -2 or 4 mg/ml (make sure chart in box matches your supply!) -may come as "dexamethasone sodium phosphate" |
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Term
| What is calcium gluconate used to treat? (list all names!) |
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Definition
-milk fever
-aka post parturient paresis
-aka hypocalcaemia
-aka eclampsia in dogs |
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Term
| Calcium is an electrolyte needed for correct __ __. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium gluconate can be given... |
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Definition
| IV or IC, SLOOOOWLY, auscultate heart the whole time! |
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Term
| What sort of dog seems to most commonly get hypocalcaemia, according to Dr. Keller? |
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Definition
| small/toy breed with large litter, esp yorkies |
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Term
| How does milk fever affect muscle tone? |
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Definition
| first rigidity, then muscles become flaccid |
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Term
| Dopram is a ___ ___ that functions at (specific site). |
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Definition
| CNS stimulant, brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| -stimulates respirations (counters apnea) |
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Term
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Definition
-during anesthesia
-newborns after C-section or dystocia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
newborns: 1-5 drops under tongue
resp. depress. from barbiturates: up to 1ml per 4# IV |
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Term
| Why is it no longer recommended to use Dopram in neonates? |
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Definition
| increases oxygen demand before they're even breathing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| All alpha-2 agonists can be reversed with... |
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Definition
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Term
| All narcotics can be reversed with... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dexdomitor can be reversed with... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might diazepam not be in the crash box? |
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Definition
| it's a controlled substance, so it can only be out of locked cabinet during open hours |
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Term
| Diazepam is administered ___ for ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can't use plastic syringe |
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Term
| Acidosis can be ___ or ___ in nature. How would you treat it in each condition? |
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Definition
| Resp: pt has hypercapnea from hypoventilation, so bag them Metab: pt prob has renal insuff, so diurese them |
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Term
| Dr. Keller doesn't like giving cats a certain emetic...which one, and why? Use what instead? |
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Definition
-H2O2 - seems to turn them blue
-Use xylazine instead
-apomorphine may cause morphine mania |
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Term
| What drug crystallizes at room temp? How do you use it? |
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Definition
| mannitol - must heat before use |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Other supplies that might be in a crash box: |
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Definition
-Iv fluids, infusion sets
-bandaging materials
-cardiac drugs
-sodium bicarbonate
-activated charcoal
-emetics |
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Term
| What drug can be used to treat acidosis? Does Dr. Keller use it? |
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Definition
| Sodium bicarbonate, and he doesn't really use it. He prefers to treat the underlying cause instead. |
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Term
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Definition
-H2O2
-syrup of ipecac
-apomorphine |
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