Term
| do the corticonuclear tract and corticospinal tract run together? |
|
Definition
| yes, they course adjacently |
|
|
Term
| where does the corticonuclear tract come from in the cortex? and where is it going? |
|
Definition
lower lateral gyrus
interneurons or nuclei in |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| carries corticonuclear fibers |
|
|
Term
| where do the corticonuclear tracts course in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| medial end of the middle 3/5 of crus cerebri |
|
|
Term
| where is GSE in pons and medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the SVE in brainstem? |
|
Definition
| lateral part of motor region, adjacent to sulcus terminalis |
|
|
Term
| what do striated mm. supplied by cranial nn develop from? |
|
Definition
| segmental embryonic structure |
|
|
Term
| cranial original segments are called |
|
Definition
| somitomeres (not morphologically obvious) |
|
|
Term
| extraocular, tongue and SCM and trapezius are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
striated muscles from pharyngeal arches
fibers to are SVE
masticatory
facial
palatal-pharyngeal-laryngeal mm. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two classes of striated muscle innervated by cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rostral midbrain, next to midline
GSE to extraocular mm. course ventrally to interpeduncular fossa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateral to III nuclei
GVE fibers to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
| how do fibers to superior rectus run? |
|
Definition
| they decussate to opposite |
|
|
Term
| what fibers innervate the levator palpebrae superioris? |
|
Definition
| fibers from a median subnucleus that innervates these muscle bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| arteries that supply edinger-westphal and occulomotor nuclei |
|
Definition
| paramedian branches of the basilar artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ipsilateral ptosis, abduction and depression (unopposed LR and SO)
contralateral effects --> elevation weakness, loss of convergence (no MR), atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dilated pupil- mydriasis; focusing weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abducted eye + large pupil help localize lesion to rostromedial midbrain
a blown pupil can indicate central OR peripheral 3rd lesion, EW and motor lesions often occur together due to proximity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to LMN but no atrophy and no parasympathetic loss |
|
|
Term
| where is trochlear nucleus located in the midbrain? |
|
Definition
| right above the MLF in caudal midbrain adjacent to the midline, GSE fibers to superior oblique cross dorsally |
|
|
Term
| superior oblique muscle does what? |
|
Definition
| abducts, depresses and intorts the eye; paramedian branches of the basilar artery supply trochlear nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contralateral SO muscle paralysis (affected eye goes up and in)causes diploplia, may compensate with head tilted (toward lesion) and chin tucked, normal eye intorted to even eye levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lies in tegmental rostral pons between SCP and ML, medial to chief sensory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| where do trigeminal motor nucleus fibers exit brainstem? |
|
Definition
| exit through MCP at upper lateral pons |
|
|
Term
| trigeminal motor nucleus blood supply |
|
Definition
| SCA, AICA, and long circumfrential arteries of the basilar artery; lateral pontine symdrome includes masseter palsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
atrophy of masticatory muscles
protrudes jaw toward lesion side, ipsilateral hyperacusia
masseter and temporalis atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ipsilateral lateral rectus eye abduction and coordination of conjugate horizontal gaze |
|
|
Term
| caudal pons in 4th vetricle floor |
|
Definition
abducens nucleus
GSE axons course ventrally to exit at pontomedullary junction, pass through pyramids |
|
|
Term
| MLF horizontal gaze center |
|
Definition
| coordinate III and VI; III, VI and IV are coordinated together from BA 8 of the cortex |
|
|
Term
| how is it ensure that the lateral rectus and medial rectus contract at the same time so we can look to the right? |
|
Definition
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
frontal eye cortex travels to PPRF and those neurons send axons to LMN of ipsilateral abducens and contralateral III nucleus for medial rectus |
|
|
Term
| MLF includes fibers of horizontal gaze center |
|
Definition
| 2 way association bundle that allows 3,4,6 nuclei to be coordinated |
|
|
Term
| VI LMN lesion of intrabulbar fascicles |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral lateral rectus paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neither eye can look in the ipsilateral direction because interneuron that innervates contralateral MR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SVE fibers course dorsomedially, loop around VI nucleus and descend ventrolaterally to emerge at the cerebellopontine angle (this loop is called the internal genu; innervates stylohyoid, stapedius,posterior digastric and facial muscles |
|
|
Term
| GVE of Facial nucleus; strange route of fibers forms bump in floor of 4th ventricle, facial colliculus |
|
Definition
| submandibular ganglion from superior salivatory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| superior salivatory nucleus |
|
Definition
| interpontine tegmentum, dorsoalteral to VII motor nucleus, fibers run with VII motor fibers, lesion to this nucleus results dry eye/mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete hemifacial paresis/paralysis, can't close eye, smoothing out of forehead, eyebrow droop, drooling, difficult to chew |
|
|
Term
| UMN VII input to upper face |
|
Definition
| bilateral; the significance of this is that UMN lesion on one side will have little to no effect on facial muscles since there is compensatory innervation |
|
|
Term
| VII UMN input to lower face |
|
Definition
| crossed; there will be contralateral lower face paralysis |
|
|
Term
| VII UMN lesion of upper face manifests how? |
|
Definition
| paresis, mild paralysis, not noticeable |
|
|
Term
| VII UMN lesion of lower face |
|
Definition
| contralateral spastic paralysis of lower face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in ventrolateral medulla; nucleus ambiguus --> stylopharyngeus m.; lesion leads to mild dysphagia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains SVE fibers and GVE fibers
SVE fibers from nucleus ambiguus
GVE from dorsal motor nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft palate, pharynx and larynx; LMN lesion includes flattened palate, loss of gag reflex on one side, uvula deviation away from lesion, (levator palatini) loss of swallowing, hoarseness |
|
|
Term
| where is nucleus ambiguus located? |
|
Definition
| medial to spinal trigeminal nucleus in medulla, shared with IX |
|
|
Term
| X LMN lesion in vocal cords |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral vocal fold in neutral position, abd/adductor paralysed; vocal fold can not get to midline to vocalize and can not fully abduct to breathe |
|
|
Term
| ipsilateral paralysis of the soft palate |
|
Definition
| X LMN lesion in nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Term
| UMN lesion contralateral; always spastic paralysis |
|
Definition
| mainly crossed so uvula deviates towards side of lesion (would we still have swallowing reflexes and gag reflex? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies GVE parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal effectors; is located lateral to hhypoglossal nucleus in floor of 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| lesion of dorsal motor nucleus: X |
|
Definition
| loss of heart rate lowering fibers causing relative tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knock out dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus ambiguus at the same time |
|
|
Term
| lateral medullary (Wallenburg) |
|
Definition
| PICA infarct; dysphagia, hoarseness, loss of gag reflex and thorocolmbnar parasympathetic regulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located midline in caudal medulla; fibers run lateral to ML and come out ventral to olivary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic toungue mm. -- stylo, hylo and genio |
|
Definition
| XII; paramedian branches of anterior spinal artery will supply this nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is ipsilateral
flaccid paralysis, atrophy, protrusion toward side of lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrusion of tongue away from lesion; no atrophy |
|
|
Term
| General Visceral Efferents of the head |
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate smooth muscles and glands |
|
|
Term
| SVE fibers in the head innervate what? |
|
Definition
| branchiomotor muscles which are striated muscles that are derived fromthe branchial arch structures |
|
|
Term
| cranial nerves carry GSE or SVE but not both, which nerves carry which kind of fibers? Some fibers all carry GVE |
|
Definition
III -- GSE and GVE
IV --GSE
V--SVE
VI -- GSE
VII -- SVE and GVE
IX -- SVE and GVE
X-- SVE and GVE
XII -- GSE |
|
|
Term
In the pontine basis where is the CNT in relation to the CST?
what is the relation in the medulla to the pyramids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many motor nuclei does cranial III have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location and function of the subnucleus for LPS |
|
Definition
| subnucleus for levator palpebrae is unpaired (in the midline) and serves both sides |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the subnuclear fibers for the superior rectus muscle |
|
Definition
| subnuclear fibers for superior rectus cross and pass through the opposite subnuc. |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of cranial n III intrabulbar fibers |
|
Definition
intrabulbar axons course ventrally (actually passing through the red nucleus !) to exit into the
interpeduncular fossa |
|
|
Term
| UMN input to trochlear nucleus is contralateral or ipsilateral? |
|
Definition
| It is ipsilateral and lUMN lesion will be the same as LMN lesion except w/o atrophy |
|
|
Term
| what muscles does the trigeminal motor nucleus supply? |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral tensor tympani and levator palatini, masticatoty muscles and mylohyoid; efferent limb of jaw jerk reflex |
|
|
Term
how does an UMN V lesion manifest?
UMN input to V is bilateral |
|
Definition
CNT lesion above the trigeminal doesn’t significantly affect masticatory function, but the jaw
jerk may be exaggerated |
|
|
Term
| VI intrabulbar fiber lesion |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral eye is adducted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eye adduction and conjugate gaze palsy (can not look to the direction of lesion with opposite eye) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe GVE innervation to parotid gland |
|
Definition
| IX fibers that split after jugular foramen --> GVE to parotid gland come from inferior salivary nucleus |
|
|
Term
| what is the exception to bilateral supranuclear control of vagal motor responses? |
|
Definition
| the uvular muscle, which is crossed; UMN X lesion leads to spaticity and uvula pointing towards lesion |
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