Term
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Definition
Mycobacterium
Nocardia (partial) |
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Term
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Definition
oxidation of substrates coupled to electron transport with O2 as final electron acceptor
38 ATP/glucose |
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Term
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Definition
anaerobes with non-oxygen final electron acceptors
very sensitive to oxygen radicals
quite a few of the medically relevant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
anaerobes with non-oxygen final electron acceptors
can detoxify oxygen radials with superoxide dimustase and catalase
quite a few of the medically relevant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
oxidation of substrates coupled to electron transport with different final electron acceptor (not O2)
less efficient than aerobic: 30 ATP/glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| make surface proteins look different to immune system than did previous generation |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes produced by bacteria that break Beta-1,4 glycoside bonds of PG
used during growth and division |
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Term
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Definition
| requires at least one organic product from environment b/c can't synthesize it |
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Term
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Definition
hydrophyilic gell that is carbohydrate based
anti-phagocytic function
seen as halo after India ink staining |
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Term
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Definition
provides shape and rigidity
protects against osmotic lysis
acts as semi-permeable barrier
transport site
protects from host defense mechanisms
mediates adherence
senses and signals about the environment
provides motility |
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Term
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Definition
DNA is transferred directly by cell-to-cell contact
extremely efficient exchange of genetic information
one bacterium must of a self-transmissible plasmid (F plasmid) |
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Term
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Definition
domain of the LPS
diversity of sugars, used to classify species
KDO - 8C sugar, 1st attached to Lipid A
7C sugars follow, then regular sugars
polarity of core prevents hydrophobic passage across OM |
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Term
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Definition
toxic products build up and autolytic enzymes forming
death rate exceeds growth rate
seen in body when immune system is winning |
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Term
| Definitive (specific) therapy |
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Definition
specific diagnosis available
narrow drug choice to avoid NF damage and opening areas as new infection site |
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Term
| Drug targets of prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
supercoiled bacteria (no chromatin or histones)
complex cell wal
70S ribosomes (not 80S) |
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Term
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Definition
based on most probably cause of infection
no specific dx yet/available
reserved for emergency situations
use broad drug choice, sometimes combination of drugs |
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Term
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Definition
resist boiling, radiation, desiccation, and most enzymes/chemical disinfectants
respiratory, wound or oral transmission |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
core - highly dessicated DNA, tRNA, amino acids, nucleic acids and other essential cytoplasmic components
cortex - condensed form of cell wall
spore coats - protein-based coat that is put on by mother cell |
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Term
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Definition
uses O2 or inorganic electron acceptors
adapts to multiple environmental niches
most flexible group
most of the medically relevant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
no electron acceptor available, oxidation of substrates leaves organic products
less efficient that an(aer) respiration |
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Term
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Definition
thicker, longer projections (compared to pili)
funtion: locomotion in response to chemical gradient
polar - out of one end
peritrichous - all over cell |
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Term
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Definition
Virulent bacteriophage involved
Bacterial DNA is packaged into viral capsid instead of bacteriophage DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Gram negative, pleomorphic |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram negative, rod, enterics |
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Definition
Escherichia coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter
Helicobacter
Serratia
Vibrio
Campylobacter
Pseudomonas
Bacteroids |
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Term
| Gram negative, rod, non-enterics |
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Definition
Haemophilus
Bordetella
Legionella
Yersinia
Francisella
Brucella
Pasteurella
Gardenerella |
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Term
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Definition
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira
Require darkfield microscope to see |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus |
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Term
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Definition
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus
Clostridium |
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Term
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Definition
3-5nm thick PG layer
emphasizes fluidity
2nd membrane with LPS outside PG layer |
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Term
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Definition
20-30nM thick PG layer
emphasizes sturdiness
one membrane, no LPS |
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Term
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Definition
| requires organic matter for energy source, most of the relevant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| repeats, hot spot for recombination |
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Term
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Definition
| 8-carbon sugar of core of LPS that is always the first one or couple sugars attached to Lipid A |
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Term
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Definition
unique G- molecule
Lipid A, core and O antigen domains |
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Term
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Definition
initiation of culture, adjustment to new environment
sensing what is and isn't available in media |
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Term
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Definition
domain of LPS
endotoxin highly conserved between bacteria
GlcNac dimers connected by phosphates that have fatty acid chains
the fatty acids are highly branched and saturated --> unique to bacteria
fatty acis prevent hydrophilic molecules from passing OM of G- cell |
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Term
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Definition
unique to G+ bacteria, derived from techoic acid
glycerol phosphates linked with fatty acids
pro-inflammatory molecule |
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Term
| Log/exponential growth phase |
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Definition
rapid growth, as fast as possible in provided media
measured in turbidity (cloudiness) using spectrophotometer
seen in privileged sites in body (low NF and low immune presence) |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes in human body fluids that break Beta-1,4 glycoside bonds of PG
more effective against G+ than G- |
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Term
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Definition
minimal bactericidal concentration
min. conc. needed to kill 99.9% of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
minimal inhibitory concentration
min. conc. needed to inhibit bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
don't do aerobic respiration, but require oxygen for other essential purposes
must have LOW levels of oxygen
few of the medically relevant bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
part of LPS
polymer of sugar units
highly diverse, used to classify strains of species
polarity of prevent passage of hydrophobic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
require oxygen for life
some are medically relevant |
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Term
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Definition
unique to bacteria
long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptides
determines physical integrity and shape of cell wall
highly polar =<100,00Da pass
pro-inflammatory molecule |
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Term
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Definition
"space" between membranes of G- bacteria
where PG layer is located
has lots of proteins used for transport |
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Term
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Definition
hair-like, very small projections
function: attach to host cell, sex for genetic info transfer |
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Term
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Definition
extrachromasomal DNA
provide accessory, non-essential information (virulen, antiB resistance)
typically circular, single or multi copies
sorting between daughter cells is not well organized, can result in loss of copies or information |
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Term
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Definition
proteins of outer membrane of G- bacteria
trimerize to form channel through membrane that aids in nutrient attainment |
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Term
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Definition
1-10Mbases, 10^3 to 10^4 genes
haploid
supercoiled in nucleoid region |
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Term
| Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
selectively permeable
carrier-mediated transport
electron transport system |
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Term
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Definition
| can synthesize all organic products that it needs; does not require any from its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to sense own population and alter gene expression based on that info |
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Term
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Definition
F' plasmid with drug resistance genes on plasmid
transferred via conjugation
always implies transfer of drug resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple operons under control of a single transcription regulator |
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Term
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Definition
Temperate bacteriophage involved
error in splicing of phage DNA from the bacterial DNA, results in mixed DNA in phage packages |
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Term
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Definition
nutrients are running low, no net growth seen
metabolically inactive, quiet
see in walled off abscess of body
not good for some antiBs b/c only work on actively dividing cells |
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Term
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Definition
cell-wall synthesis
cell membrane
DNA integrity
folic acid synthesis
protein synthesis (30S or 50S)
RNA synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
unique to G+ bacteria
series of phosphate-linked surgars with glycerol or ribitol phophate-linkages
has substiuents like D-Ala that are bacteria unique
pro-inflammatory molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteriophage carries bacterial DNA from one bacterium to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Naked DNA fragments released from one lysed bacterium binds to cell wall of another competent bacterium and is taken up and incorporated into the new bacterium's chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| recognizes sequence of DNA, opens it, inserts a copy of itself and transposon |
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Term
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Definition
moveable elemtsn of DNA
consists of insertion sequences, virulence/resistance genes, and transposase encoding |
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Term
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Definition
consists of sensing extra-cellular component, transmembrane domain, and intracellular signaling domain
recognizes signal from external environemnt, autophosphorylates tail, tail phosphorylates regulator, signal cascade proceeds and gene expression is altered |
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Term
| Mechanism of adverse reactions to drugs |
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Definition
direct toxicity
sensitivity
superinfections |
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Term
| Optimal salinity, temp and pH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
prevent drug access to target
modify drug
modify target of drug
change metabolic status of bacterium |
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Term
| Prevention of drug access |
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Definition
barrier
lack of binding target
anaerobic for O2-dependent drugs
lack of activating enzyme
alteration in porins
efflux pumps |
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Term
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Definition
| overlapping binding site of multiple drugs is effect by one methylation change in rRNA due to presence of erm gene |
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Term
| Stratgies for drug resistance |
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Definition
prevent access to target
modify drug
modify drug's target
modify metabolism (state or processes) |
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Term
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Definition
bacterium that causes no apparent disease
es: normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
can cause disease, but depends on right conditions
ex: +/- virulence factor, host barrier status and host immune status |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Path - resist phagocytosis
Disease - acute onset, faster resolution, unless biofilm
Fever - usually
WBC - PMNs, pus formation
Clearance - by humoral immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Path - survive in host cells
Disease - chronic infection, slower onset and recovery
Fever - maybe
WBC - macrophage, lymphocytes
Cleared - by cell-mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| selective infection of specific tissues or cells |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria enzyme with high affinity for Fe3+, chelators
strip Fe3+ from lactoferrin and transferrin |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial molecules that help with Fe scavenging
bind Fe-loaded siderophores, bind free Fe3+ and bind Fe-loaded host molecules |
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Term
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Definition
act distal to infection site
commonly enzymes that damage host directly
disrupt host processes or membrane
AB toxins, non-AB toxins, activation requirements |
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Term
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Definition
elicit inflammatory response and activates complement --> cell damage indirectly
part of outermembrane of G- bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
protein complex of 2 subunits
A = active subunit, enters host cell and has toxic effects
B = binding subunit and delivers A to susceptible cell |
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Term
| Host cell process-disruption by exotoxin |
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Definition
protein synthesis
signaling (G-proteins)
ADP-ribosylation (inactivates proteins, shut down pathway) |
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Term
| Host cell membrane-disruption by exotoxin |
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Definition
osmotic balance -> lysis
phospholypases -> digest membrane
pore-formation -> lysis/permeability
hemolysins -> lyse RBC, release Fe` |
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Term
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Definition
molecules that serve as signals of population density
G- = HSL
G+ = peptides |
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Term
| Type III Secretory Apparatus |
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Definition
"molecular syringe"
structure that bacterial cell inserts into host membrane and injects effector into host cytoplasm
effectors: induce apoptosis, suppress cytokine production, shut down phagocytosis, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
mixed infection, i.e. wound or areas of normal flora (pathogen binds to biofilm of normal flora)
particularly advantageous |
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Term
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Definition
| only one pathogen, usually in sterile site |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria located in biofilm
not moving, less active |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria of biofilm colony that aren't in the biofilm, free-floating, more active
capable of leaving to form new colonies elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
adherence, nutritional opportunity, protected environment
extracellular bacteria can cause chronic infection this way |
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Term
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Definition
| molecular mimcry, prevents MAC deposition (i.e. complment mediated cytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
counter strategy of bacteria to complement system
prevents inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
proteins expressed by bacteria that rearrange cytoskeleton in host cell
induce actin polymerization that forms pseudopods and takes in bacteria
forces phagocytosis by non-pros |
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Term
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) |
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Definition
abrupt on set of 2: fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and leukocytosis
can be due to infection or severe trauma with lots of tissue damage
good prognosis if underlying issue is solved |
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Term
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Definition
clinical symptoms of SIRS + documentation of bacterial infection
progression to severe sepsis guaranteed |
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Term
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Definition
viable bacteria in blood stream, document by Gram stain
possible migration though body, does not require SIRS symptoms for Dx, usually transient |
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Term
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Definition
Sepsis (SIRS + documentation) and signs of organ failure
DIC --> organ damage
1* COD is resp. failure |
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Term
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
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Definition
dysfunction in clotting cascade
abnormal clotting and bleeding
poor perfusion to organs --> damage
seen in severe sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
multiple organ dysfunction of syndrome
worsening situation of severe sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
severe sepsis (SIR + documentation + organ failure) and extreme hypotension
profoundly low BP that is unresponsive to fluid treatment |
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