Term
|
Definition
most-binary fission
-most grow in artificial cultural media
-notable exceptions:
1. only on selective media (legionella)
2. obligate intracelular pathogens (chlamydia)..require tissue or cells
3. require animal models (mycobacterium leprae)
4. have never been grown (treponema pallidum--causes syphillis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a microorganism that can derive all nutirtional requirements for growth from the micronutrients and macronutrients supplied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microorganisms that have complex and special nutrient requirements
-might require special vitamins or amino acids to grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-co2 (may be required as a supplement)
-o2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absolute requirement for o2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optimal growth at low o2 pressure |
|
|
Term
facultative aerobe /
facultative anaerobe |
|
Definition
| grow either aerobically or anaerobically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ideal growth in absence of o2 but may be able to grow in o2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria grow in four phases but have different requirements in each
1. lag phase ---initial, beginning of growth
2. logarithmic/exponential phase ---great increase in #s
3. stationary phase ---no increase in # of bacteria
4. death ---decline in bacterial #s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacterial cells are highly specialized energy transformers
-metabolism refers to all the biochemical reactions in a cell
-generated by oxidation reactions of substrates (adp--->atp....stores energy for the cell)
-energy---synthesize organic compounds needed by the cell |
|
|
Term
| metabolic classes of bacteria |
|
Definition
1. heterotrophic
-essentially all pathogenic bacteria
-obtain energy from organic compounds
2. photosynthetic
-synthesize their own glucose
3. autotrophic
-no sunlight
-no organic compounds
-use inorganic compounds--ie minerals; co2
***** photosynthetic & autotrophic are less apt to be pathogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacteria may generate energy by:
1. aerobic respiration
2. anaerobic respiration
3. fermentation
4. photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. major energy producing mechanism for aerobes (provides atp + metabolic intermediates)
2. 3 major pathways-linked to one another:
-glycolysis or glycolytic pathway (embden-meyerhof)
-krebs cycle (citrus acid cycle)
-electron transport chain-oxidative phosphorylation.
*for all 3 pathways:
1. glucose=most common substrate (major energy source)
2. bacteria oxidize glucose
3. 1 molecule glucose---up to 38 molecules of atp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 1 glucose---> 2 pyruvates
-net gain of +2 atp's
-and NADH generated -converted into more ATP -1 NADH can convert into ~3 ATP's later on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 glucose--> 2 pyruvates
-respirstory process-uses o2
-initial step: pyruvate is decarboxyated to co2 and acetyl coenzyme A
-later portion-cycle: net gain of 2 ATP's and 6 more NADH and 2 FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| Electron transport + oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
-series of electron transfers within the cytoplasmic membrane
-generate ADP & ATP
-each NADH=3 ATP's
-each FADH2= 2 ATP's
-accomplished with cytochromes and enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -an electron is transferred from molecule A to molecule B. molecule A is oxidized and molecule B is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bacteria may generate energy by:
1.aerobic respiration
2. anaerobic respiration-final electron acceptor---> not oxygen
3. fermentation
4. photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-utilizes the same pathways as aerobic respiration but:-o2 is not the terminal electron acceptor
instead oxygen containing salts supplied in growth media.
-produce energy by reducing substrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria may generate energy by:
-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
-fermentation
-photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pasteur-1850's - studies lef to discovery of anaerobic bacteria
-primarily anaerobic:
organic compound (not o2) used as terminal electron acceptor
-produces less energy but supports anaerobic bacterial growth
-generates energy primarily using the glycotic pathway -not the krebs cycle or electron transport chain
-simple organic end-products formed from anaerobic dissimilation or metabolism of glucose
end-products: lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid, butryic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-convert light to ATP
-not a feature of pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| univesal features of bacterial energy production |
|
Definition
-all major pathways use glucose or hexose catabolism
-chemical energy is conserved by formation of high energy compounds (ADP or ATP)
-preparative steps: key intermediate compounds are formed
-major source of PO4 is ATP/ADP (used for chemical energy)
-for conservation of chemical energy (PO4 is renewed by kinases...results in loss of energy)
-generates:
NADH + H+
NADPH + H+
1 NADH= 3 ATP's
(serve as reducing equivalents. -potential energy generated for each pathway) |
|
|
