• Spiral bacteria
• responsible for most cases of chronic active gastritis
• cause 90% of ulcers (10% causes by NSAID's)
• linked to gastric carninoma
• sensitive to acid
• 05' nobel prize awarded to 2 australians that discovered real cause of ulcers
• Currently no drugs to treat this disease

• Sprial bacteria
• occers with finned by fish
• few cases have occered among fishermen in Galveston Bay
• treatment: amputation of appendage proximal to infection

• Sprial bacteria
• in healthy people causes diarrhea and stomach pain
• people w/ liver disease, diabetes, immune impaired (AIDS) within 1-5 days fatal blood poisoning occurs
• CDC occurence with 27 severe cases with 15 deaths per year
• may cause skin infections as well as: Vibrio parahaemolycitus

Treponema pallidum

Occurence

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• communicable disease (contagious)- 10%chance from one exposure
• most common in 15-30 years old
• occurs more in urban areas (city)
• high occurrence in homosexuals
• incidence is rising since 1957
• 35,000 cases vs gonorrhea 500,000 cases

Treponema pallidum

Mode of transmission

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Reservior: Homo sapiens
• transmitted by: direct sexual contact (venereal-relating to sexual intercourse)
• transimitted by: placental transmission (congenital-present at birth)
• transimitted by: blood transfusions

Treponema pallidum:

Incubation period and Portal of entry

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• IP- 2 to 6 weeks on average of 3 weeks
• POE- skin that is broken or mucous membrane
• spreads through lymphatic system

Treponema pallidum

Primary Stage

• Primary lesion = Chancre: small painless reddened ulcer with hard ridge appearing at site of infection. Has many spirochetes & is very infective
• Chancre will heal w/o TX but most people (75%) advance to secondary stage
• Not as communicable once chancre heals
• Other SN/SX: malaise, fever, etc.

Treponema pallidum

secondary stage

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• begins 2-10 weeks after primary lesion
• stage is characterized by infected skin rash (called great pox in 1800's)
• after several weeks become latent (present but not visible for 2-10years)
• signs and symptoms: malaise, runny nose, fever, flu-like, and alopecia

Treponema pallidum

tertiary stage:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Develops in 75% of untreated secondary stage
• develops Gumma's (necrotic degenerative lesion) resulting from type 3 hyersensitivity reaction (IMM complex)
• may form in any tissue such as skin, bone, heart,CNS
• when occurs in CNS insanity may occur (hitler, Ide amine) may result in blindness and tabes (shuffle like walk)
• whores whisper may occur meaning aneurism of ascending aorta and pressure on laryngeal nerve

Treponema pallidum

Congenital syphilis

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• in 1980 3 out of 100,000 births were live
• many are spontaneously aborted or born dead
• baby can be born either infected with no signs, infected with symptoms, or uninfected
• Neonates with syphilis: have small old appearance and can have Hutchinson's teeth (notched incisors), and/or Saber shin (anterior bowed tibia)

Treponema pallidum

Diagnosis

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• presense of primary lesion(chancre)
• microscope exam of exudate fluid (would be shaped spiral)
• Serological test

• Tests blood serum for antibodies such as:
• VDRL- venereal disease research lab
• Wassermann test- complement fixation (detects certain antigens)
• FTA-ABS- Flourescent Treponemal-Antibody ABSorption

Treponema pallidum

Treatment:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Pencillin (PCN-G) or Tretracycline if pcn sensitive
• later stages require more anitbiotics for longer periods of time
• Tertiary neurosyphilis may not be curable
• there is immunity
• Phophylaxis(how to prevent disease) abstinence and bilateral monogamy

Vibrio cholerae

Occurence:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• 1800's pandemic throughout much of the world (India)
• 1911-1973 no cases in US till one in TX (maybe b/c we are closer to gulf)
• in 1978 8 cases in Louisiana (LA)
• in 1981 16 cases on TX offshore drilling rig
• Epedimic focused on Gulf Coast TX and LA

Vibrio cholerae

Mode of transmission:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Resevior: Home sapiens
• Fecal oral contamination
• ingestion of food/water contaminated with feces or vomit
• ex: oysters or shrimp

Vibrio cholerae

Incubation period:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• either hours to 5 days
• on average 2-3 days
• varies on how long on how much you ingest

Vibrio cholerae

Signs and symptoms:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Cells adhere to epithelial mucosa of S.I. (not invasive)
• produces enterotoxin (an exotoxin) which inflames gut wall
• this results in profuse watery diarrhea and occasionally vomiting
• lots of electrolyte loss (10-15 L/day)
• Death may result in hours from circulatory shock and water and electroyte imbalance

Vibrio cholerae

Diagnosis and treatment (RX):

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Confirmed bu culturing vibrio cholerae from feces
• treatment: fluids and electrolytes; tetracycline or chloramphenicol
• with treatment fatality=1%
• without treament fatality=70%

Borrelia burgdorferi

LYME DISEASE

Occurence:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• 1st discovered case 1975 in Old Lyme Conneticut
• 5000 cases per year
• 80% occur May-August (when ticks are most active)
• 90%- NorthEast US ( NY RI MA CT)
•  and South central US ( Ark, TX)

Borrelia burgdorferi

Mode of transmission:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Resvior- white tailed deer and field mice
• Mode of transmission- Tick vector (ixodes scapularis)=deer tick

Borrelia burgdorferi

Diagnosis/Symptoms:

•  
• Spiral/curved bacteria
• Diagnosis- notice ECM, isolation of ECM, serologic test-which is not good for early symptoms
• ECM erythema chronica migrans-red lesion expanding into red ring from site of tick bite
• is very diagnostic
• develope flu like symptoms: malaise, fatigue, headache, fever, chills
• after few wks-months without treatment: develope neuro problems, cardiac, or arthritic symptoms
• after years w/out treatment: symptoms may mimic Alzheimer's or M.S.

Borrelia burgdorferi

Treament:

Immunity:

Prophylaxis:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• treatment for adults- tetracylines
• treatment for children- penicillin
• no immunity
• aviod ticks! to not get LYME's disease

Campylobacter jejuni

Occurance:

• curved/spiral bacteria
• more common then salmonella or shingella food poisoning
• it is a major cause of diarrhea

Campylobacter jejuni

Mode of transmission:

• Resevior: Animals- pigs, cow, sheeo, pets (dog and cats), birds
• Mode of transmission- ingestion of organism by food, water, or unpasteurized milk or contact with pets (especially puppies and kittens)

Campylobacter jejuni

Incubation period:

Symptoms:

Diagnosis:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• IP- 3-5 Days
• DP- actute diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain with out vomiting
• frequently self-limiting (limits its own growth) in 1-4 days (maximum of 10 days)
• Diagnosis- isolation of Compylobacter pylori from feces

Campylobacter jejuni

Treatment:

• Spiral/curved bacteria
• usually none
• severe cases: fluid and electrolytes replacement with tetracyclines, erythomyocin or aminoglycosides