Bacillus anthracis

Survive phagocytosis with D-glutamate capsules

3-part exotoxin (LF+AP or EF+AP)
Fever, chills, malaise, fatigue, cough, SOB, N&V, diarrhea, headache, myalgia, sore throat, eschards

t(x): Penicillin, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, *Antitoxin

Food Poisoning

Bacillus

Bacillus cereus

1st type: intestinal - diarrhea and loose, watery stools
2nd type: causes N&V

t(x): time

Trachoma

Proctitis

Urethritis

Lymphogranuloma Venerum

NGU (nongonoccal urethritis)

Reiter's

Chlamydia trachomatis

Subgroup A - only humans
Glycogen & bacterial inclusions

Makes folic acid and glycogen

Males: burning, blood in urine, white discharge

Reiters - inflammation of joints, white aspirated fluid

Inguinal ligament may "split" swollen nodes

t(x): Tetracyclin, erythromycin, cycloserine, azithromycin, ofloxacin, amoxicillin

Respiratory Tract Infections

Chlamydial

C. psittaci (carried by parrots)

C. pneumoniae

Subgroup B (all mammals)

Do not make folic acid or glycogen

t(x): tetracycline, erythromycin, cycloserine, azithromycin, ofloxacin, amoxicillin

Clostridium botullum

In low-acid foods; absorbed through intestine; kill with heat

Blocks ACh so there is no firing of nerves

Flacid paralysis of short nerves, blurred vision, cardiac and respiratory failure (adult)

Wasting away (infants)

t(x): *antitoxin, penicillin

Clostridium tetani

Look like tennis rackets

Heat-labile taxon (make vaccine!)
Causes constant firing of the nerves

Paralysis, cardiac & respiratory failure, risus sardoniscus ("smile"), trismus (pulled back), opisthotonos (seizure of all muscles)

t(x): Non-immunized - antobodies; immunized - toxoid

Clostridium difficile

Normal flora - opportunist
Highly drug resistant

Toxin A: enterotoxin - secretion of fluids

Toxin B: cytotoxin - kills cells

Loose, watery diarrhea

t(x): Antitoxin

Food Poisoning

Clostridium

Clostridum perfringens

large, rectangular, hemolytic cultues

Has lecithinase to break down membranes

Has B-hemolysin (clear), collagenase, hyaluronidase, DNAase, protease

enterotoxin: reverses H2O reabsorption -> diarrhea

t(x): Penicillin, fluid & electrolytes

Clostridium perfringens

Enteres through wounds

Lecithinase, B-hemolysin, collagenase, hyaluronidase, DNAase, protease

Necrosis, edema, and gas from tissue break down

Pain, necrosis, shock, RF, death, crepitis, cellulitis, fascitis

t(x): penicllin, amputation

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Due to exotoxin, lethal in 24-48 hours (small amount - nerve paralysis, large - HF)
TOXIN NOT MADE IN HIGH IRON

Grows well on tellurite

Can colonize wounds in tropical climates

Acute febrile infection of URT, enlarged lymphnodes, inflammed throat, pseudomembrane cells in abck of throat

t(x): Penicillin

Listeria spp.

From cattle to humans

Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, convulsions

t(x): penicllin

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Entery & exit through respiratory route

Localized: pneumonia, granuloma lesions, high mortality

Systemic: lymphatic spread, granuloma at site, any tissue except muscles

Primary (exudative): one lesion; Reactivated: multiple lesions

t(x): Isoniazid, ethambutamol, rifampin, streptomycin

Mycobacterium leprae

Binds to epithelail and nerve cells

Lepromatous type: progressive, slow, nodular lesions

Tuberculoid: non-progressive, macular lesions

Digit loss, nerve damage, hypothermia of skin

t(x): Isoniazid, ethambutamol, rifampin, streptomycin

Neisseria meningitidis

Survives inside phagocytes of CSF

Releases endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) while alive (exception to the rule!)

attaches to M-cells with pili

Chills, fever, malaise, headache THEN hedache, vomiting, fever, papilledema, nuchal rigidity, convulsions, coma, petechiae, purpura, purple spots on skin

t(x): tetracycline

Neisseria meningitidis

high mortality

sudden onset (24 hours)

High fever, chills, myalgia, weakness, N&V, restlessness, destruction of adrenal glands

t(x): tetracycline

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

IgA protease (breaks down IgA); lipopolysaccharide endotoxin

Protein I - makes holes in membranes

Protein II - forms colonies

Penicillin resistant

Males: purulent discharge, abscess, epididimitis, prostatis

Females:asymptomatic, discharge, pain, ascending infection, sterility

All: fever, arthritis, pustular rash, conjunctivitis (neonate)

t(x): tetracycline

Gastroenteritis

Bacteremia

Salmonella spp.

N&V, diarrhea, fever, cramping, myalgia, headache

t(x): antiinflammatory (aspirin, NSAID)

Salmonella typhi

Grows in intestines

Lymphoid hyperplasia

N&V, diarrhea, fever, cramping, myalgia, headache

t(x): antiinflammatory (aspirin, NSAID)

B. recurrentis
Spirochaete

Carried by ticks (rodent reservoir) and louse (human reservoir)

Cannot develop immunity

t(x): tetracycline

L. interrogans

Salmonella

Excreted in urine
Enters through cuts

Acute phase: fever, headache, nausea, myalgia

Immune phase: meningitis

t(x): doxycycline

T. pallidum

Antibodies made but not good for future infection

d(x): breakdown products of cells (cardiolipin, VDRL)

Primary: outbreak at site of contant, diappears

Secondary: rash elsewhere on skin

Tertiary: any part of body less muscle

t(x): penicillin

B. burgdorferi

Spirochaete

Carried by hard shelled ticks

Red skin lesion (macule/papule), malaise, fatigue, headache, fever, chills

Chronic: irreversible neurologic, cardiac, and rheumatic damage

t(x): penicillin

Staphylococcus aureus

Inflammation of intervertebral discs

Back pain

t(x): vancomycin, surgery

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Redness, swelling

t(x): vancomycin

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Burning, itching, irritation, blood in urine

t(x): vancomycin

Staphylococcus H-influenzae

cough, fever, SOB, secretions, malaise, flu-like symptoms

t(x): vancomycin

Staphylococcus aureus

Splitting of skin (looks like sunburn)

t(x): vancomycin

Food Poisoning

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus

Enterotoxin made at room temperature

Can cause FP even if microbe is killed (toxin)

N,V,&D; abdominal pain

t(x): vancomycin

Staphylococcus aureus

From enterotoxin

Organ failure, hypotension, weakness

t(x): vancomycin

Streptococcus agalactiae

(GBS)

In animals (commonly cows)

Infection of udder, decreased milk production

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pygoenes

Sore throat, fever, headache, edema of pharynx

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

sore throat, fever, headache, erythema of pharynx

Strawberry red tongue (exotoxin)

Pin-point peticial hemorrhage (erythogenic toxin)

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Rash IN skin

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Epidermolytic toxin

Carried in fish

Skin peels/shreds like sunburn

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

"Childbirth fever"; carried by physicians

Ruptured membranes of genital tract

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Lethal in hours

Swelling of Brain

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Abscess behind ear, sore throat

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Grows rapidly (lots of enzymes)

"flesh eating"

t(x): amputation

Streptococcus pyogenes

Secondary invasion

No toxin, no immunity gained

Red skin, advancing thick line (bacteria are here)

Septicemia

t(x): penicillin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Makes cardiotoxins and causes Aschoff bodies

Body develops antigens to damaged tissues (autoimmune)

Irreversible damage

t(x): none, prevent other infections with penicillin

Pneumonia

Sinusitis

Meningitis

Bacteremia

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Small chains or pairs (diplococci)

Immunogenic capsule

No coughing

t(x): penicillin, erythromycin