Term
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Definition
| only human reservoir; person-to-person transmission via respiratory droplets; short-time survival outside of body; most common in 1-5 year olds of non-immunized population |
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Definition
only in humans
Asymptomatic carriage is major reservoir – susceptible to drying out
transmission by sexual contact; rare through infected vaginal canal
lack of protective immunity – antigenic variation |
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Term
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Definition
only in humans-nasopharyngeal flora
Transmission by aerosolization
Outbreaks in winter and early spring
endemic in children younger than 5as passibe maternal antibodies declines
During epidemics: immunocompromised, elderly, closed populations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• developing countries
• transmission through focally contaminated food |
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Term
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Definition
• developing countries
• person-to-person spread
• rare outbreaks in daycare centers |
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Term
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Definition
• infant diarrhea in developing countries and travelers
• some outbreaks in US, Europe, and Japan |
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Term
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Definition
• most common strains in developing countries (O157:H7)
• Transmission to humans from animals via undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk or juice, water, uncooked veggies and fruits
o cook ground beef at 160 F
o pasteurize milk/juice |
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Term
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Definition
| • Children <5 y/o in developing countries |
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Term
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Definition
widely distributed in nature – animal and human reservoirs
Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food or fecal-oral route
Highest risk: <5 y/o and >60 y/o
summer and autumn
poultry, eggs, dairy products and contaminated uncooked foods (veggies and fruits) |
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Term
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Definition
humans only reservoir
person-to-person via fecal-oral route usually contaminated hands
• sometimes water or food
• occasionally flies with open sewage
Primarily children under 10 y/0:
• adults in household, day care centers and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with animals
• Y. pestis: urban plague = rats; sylvatic plague = squirrels, rabbits, rats, cats
o flea vector or contact with contaminated animals or animal tissues
• Y. enterocolitica = pigs, rodents, livestock, and rabbits
o contaminated milk, meat, or water
• Y. pseudotuberculosis = rodents, wild animals, game birds
o not as common |
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Term
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Definition
estuarine and marine environments worldwide
• survival and replication in contaminated waters with increased salinity and at temperatures of 10-30 C
Asymptomatic humans serve as important reservoirs in endemic areas |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitous in fresh and brackish water |
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Term
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Definition
ubiquitous
reservoirs: mammals and fowl, both wild and domestic
transmission: contaminated food (esp. poultry), milk and water |
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Term
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Definition
common worldwide
person-to-person by fecal-oral route
colonization may be life-long |
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Term
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Definition
o ubiquitous
o opportunists
o P. aeruginosa is major nocosomial infection
o growth in laboratory water baths, hot tubs, wet IV tubing, other waste-containing vessels |
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Term
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Definition
o unencapsulated: component of normal flora
o capsulated: not usually part of normal flora
o H. influenza type b was major pathogen prior to intro of vaccine: caused meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottis—now rare in US |
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Term
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Definition
zoonotic transmission: infective deerfly or tick, directly from blood of infected animal, eating undercooked meat, laboratory contraction, inhalation
summer (ticks) or winter (hunters)
potential biological weapon |
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Term
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Definition
worldwide
domesticated and wild animals: through the skin, contaminated meat or dairy products, laboratory workers, inhalation
rarely through respiratory tract or conjunctiva
potential biological weapon |
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Term
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Definition
o worldwide
o normal habitat is water (live in amoebae): lakes and streams, air conditioning cooling towers and water distribution systems (showers and hot tubs), chlorine and heat tolerant
o transmission via inhalation of aerosolized organisms
o nosocomial
o American Legion at convention in Philly: see slide for details
o Risk factors: Alcoholism, advanced age, smoking, immunosuppressive therapy, renal transplant and cancer patients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sandfly vector; South America at intermediate altitudes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of intestinal flora in humans and other animals
soil, sewage, and aquatic settings
able to survive adverse environmental conditions
non-invasive, but produce destructive infections when introduced to traumatized tissues |
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Term
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Definition
o normal flora of mucus membrane of humans and animals: oral cavity, GI tract, female genital tract
o Opportunistic
o no person-to-person spread or external source |
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Term
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Definition
| free-living to normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
strict human pathogen (causes syphilis)
transmitted via sexual body contact (primary) or transplacentally (congenital)
• mode of entry: break in skin or penetration of mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Lyme Disease
• most common arthropod-transmitted disease in US
• transmission via bite of small hard shelled tick (saliva)
o primary reservoir: mice and deer
• Occurrence: seasonal and parallels increased outdoor activity (summer months) |
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Term
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Definition
person-to-person via human body lice (no other host)
condition of poor hygiene: crowded, unsanitary, louse-infested environments |
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Term
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Definition
animal disease (rodents and small mammals, dogs and farm animals are incidental hosts)
• via water contaminated with animal urine
• occupational exposure to animals
• via small skin abrasions of conjunctiva
ubiquitous |
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Term
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Definition
| agent for tracheobronchitis and primary atypical pneumonia (~10% of all cases of pneumonia); transmission: person-to-person via respiratory droplets; worldwide distribution, year-round; highest incidence in oder children, young adults (6-20 y/o) |
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Term
| M. hominis, M. genitalium, and U. urealyticum |
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Definition
| Infants (females) are colonized w/ agents at birth; only small number of prepubertal; genital mycoplasmas assoc. with sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Vectors: fleas, ticks,mites, or lice; Reservoirs: rodents, humans (accidental), or arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common rickettsial infection in US; Most common from April-September; Vector: hard tick via saliva (prolonged exposure needed); Reservoirs: ticks (transovarian passage), rodents, humans (accidental) |
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Term
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Definition
| sporadic infection in US; Vector: mite; Reservoir: mites (tranovarian) and mice |
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Term
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Definition
| unsanitary conditions; vector: human body louse (feces, no transovarian transmission); reservoir: humans (epidemic form); sporadic disease in SE US (reservoir-flying squirrel, vector-squirrel fleas, humans accident) |
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Term
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Definition
| ubiquitous in warm, humid areas(Gulf States, Cali); Vector: rat flea (feces);Reservoir: rats (humans accidentally infected) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vector: Lone star tick; Reservoir: White-tailed deer; Distribution: SE, Mid-Atlantic and South Central US |
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Term
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Definition
| Vector: Deer and dog ticks; Reservoir: small mammals; Dist: Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Connecticut |
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Term
| C. trachomatis, Biovar: trachoma |
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Definition
| Worldwide (poverty, overcrowding); infection in children; transmission: droplets, hands, contaminated clothing, flies, contaminated birth canal; leading cause of preventable blindness |
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Term
| C. trachomatis, biovar: trachoma, GTI |
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Definition
| most common bacterial STD in US |
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Term
| C. trachomatis, biovar: LGV |
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Definition
| prevalent in Africa, Asia, and South America; sporadic in US |
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Term
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Definition
| 25-200 cases/year in US; primarily an occupational disease (vets, poultry workers, zoo keepers, pet shop workers) |
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Term
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Definition
| many infections are asymptomatic; person-to-person transmission via respiratory droplets; significant cause of community-acquired respiratory infections (ubiquitous); assoc. w/ crowded conditions: schools, military bases; possibly responsible for adult-onset asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| stable in harsh environments; infects sheep, goats, cattle, and cats; high titers in placentas of infected animals; milk of infected animals; ticks are primary vector (inhalation of airborne particles) |
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Definition
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