Term
| Why do we need to know about prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
1) They have limited sets of growing conditions
2) They have different nutritional needs
3) They can have medical significance
4) They may have nutritional and industrial uses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the energy requirements for Photoautotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Phototrophs obtan energy from sunlight. Photoautotrophs take sun and CO2 to make organic compounds. Fix carbon and nitrogen. (Energy Source: Sun, Carbon Source: CO2) |
|
|
Term
| What are the energy requirements for Photoheterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Photoheterotrophs use the suns energy and take their carbon from organic compounds. They can be facultative. Green and Purple bacteria. (Energy: Sun, Carbon source: Organic Compounds) |
|
|
Term
| What are the energy requirements for Chemolithoautrophs? |
|
Definition
| Use inorganic compounds for energy. Gain their carbon from CO2. Live in sulfur environments or other reduced inorganic compounds. Primary producers of carbon for their environments. (Energy Source: Inorganic Chemicals: H2, NH3, NO2-, Fe2+, H2S. Carbon source: CO2.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the energy requirements for Chemoorganoheterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| Use organic compounds for energy and carbon. (Energy Source: Sugars, amino acids, etc., Carbon Source: Organic Compounds) |
|
|
Term
| What function does an FTS protein perform? |
|
Definition
| FTS proteins co-ordinate binary cell division for the microbe. They tell the cell where to divide by gathering centrally when the cell is ready to divide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A divisome is where the cell divides. Location is signaled by clustered FTS proteins. |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria divide without ther cell structures falling apart? AKA, Transpeptidation |
|
Definition
| The new cell wall structures of Peptidoglycan are inserted into segments of the existing cell during bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps to Microbial fission? |
|
Definition
1) DNA Replication
2) Cell Elongation via Transpeptidation
3) Septum Formation
4) Completion of septum with formation of distinct walls
5) Cell Separation |
|
|
Term
| Why do organisms need a variety of nutrients? |
|
Definition
1) For energy needs
2) To build oganic molecules and cell structures |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common nutrients? |
|
Definition
Carbon (50%)
Nitrogen (14%)
Oxygen (20%)
Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| What microbe requires Oxygen for a nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What microbe will die if Oxygen is present as a nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four toxic forms of oxygen? |
|
Definition
1) Singlet Oxygen
2) Superoxide Radical
3) Peroxide
4) Hydroxyl Radical |
|
|
Term
| How do Phototrophs handle Singlet Oxygen? |
|
Definition
| Carotenoids remove it. Usually created during photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
| How do aerobes handle Superoxide Radicals? |
|
Definition
| Superoxide dismutase detoxifies it. (Enzyme reaction, anaerobics lack this and die in the presence of superoxide radicals) |
|
|
Term
| How do aerobes handle Peroxide? |
|
Definition
| Peroxidase and catalase detoxify. Anaerobes lack these enzymes or have them in very small amounts. |
|
|
Term
| How do aerobes handle Hydroxyl radicals? |
|
Definition
| Catalase and Peroxidase enzymes detoxify. (Anaerobes lack these and will die.) |
|
|
Term
| What are the oxygen requirements for Obligate Aerobes? |
|
Definition
| Require Oxygen to live. This is used in their aerobic respiration process. |
|
|
Term
| What are the oxygen requirements for Facultative anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Will grow better with O2 present, however anaerobic is possible if O2 is lacking. Growth is slower. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen requirement for Obligate Anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Obligate anaerobes can't grow with O2 present. Brief exposure will kill them. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen requirement for Microaerophiles? |
|
Definition
| Require 2-10% Oxygen. More than 10% will inhibit growth. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen requirement for Aerotolerant microbes? |
|
Definition
| They are indifferent. They can grow with O2 but it's not required for energy. Fermentation is their only metabolic option. |
|
|
Term
| Limited nitrogen halts what process for microbes? |
|
Definition
| Anabolism, or growth for the cell. Nitrogen is needed for protein and nucleotide formation |
|
|
Term
| What function does Phosphorus serve in microbial growth? |
|
Definition
| DNA, RNA, ATP and some proteins, in addtion to the hospholibid membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What function does Sulfur serve in a microbe? |
|
Definition
| Amino acid component, helps form tertiary structures in proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What function does Iron serve in microbes? |
|
Definition
| Formation of some enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What function does Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium serve in microbes? |
|
Definition
| Required for some enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things does temperature affect in a microbe? |
|
Definition
1) Protein integrity
2) Lipid membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 cardinal temperatures? |
|
Definition
1) Minimum
2) Maximum
3) Optimal |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 temperature groupings for microbes? |
|
Definition
1) Psychrophile
2) Psychtrotroph (not listed in lecture)
3) Mesophile (ideal for humans)
4) Thermophile
5) Hyperthermophile |
|
|
Term
| What PH range do Neutrophiles prefer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pH range do Acidophiles prefer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Autotrophs take inorganic carbon and convert it into an organic form. |
|
|
