"investigation of total relations of an animal both to inorganic and organic environment"

"in a word ecology is the study of all those complex relations and the struggle to survive" (Haeckel)

 Study of interactions between the organism and its environment

 Study of interactions between the organism and its environment

sun

weather

water

chemicals

terrain 

producers

consumers

decomposers 

plants

subsist on only inorganic substances 

heterotrophs- eat only plants-(primary consumer)

secondary- eat other consumers 

fungi, bacteria

return nutrients to the environment 

neither affected

0-0 

both don't get what they want

- - 

olbigatory relationship

(++) 

both benefit, but not obligatory

(++) 

epiphytes, one gains, one isn't affected

(+ 0) 

penecillin, kills bacteria

(- 0)

win-lose

predator is smaller than prey

(+ -) 

win-lose 

kill and consume 

(+ -) 

neutralism (0 0)

mutualism (+ +) obligatory

comensalism (+ 0)

parasitism (+ -) (predator smaller than prey)

predation (+ -)

competition (- -)

amensalism (- 0)

photocooperation (+ +) 

autecology

synecology 

autecology: species ecology

synecology: study of the whole communities and the interactions of the organisms within them

literature search

question

hypothesis-predictions

determine data collection process

collect data

analyze and interpret

publish and present 

relatively large brains

gestation period

lifespan

interbirth period

age at first birth

post-natal dependency 

allometric

(allometric: relationship in which 2 variables change at different rates

lemur

loris/ galagos

tarsiers 

NWM

OWM

apes/humans 

• a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc
• (biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification
• practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationship

prosimii/anthropoids (GRADE)

Prosimi: lemur, loris, TARSIER

Anthropoidea: NWM, OWM, Apes/Humans

Strepsirhini(wet nose): lemur/loris 

Haplorinhi(dry nose): NWM, OWN, Apes/Humans, TARSIERS

(wet nose) 

lemur

loris 

(dry nose)

tarsier

NWM

OWM

Apes-Humans 

they look the same

(Prosimii/Anthropoidea) 

common ancestor

(STREPSIRHINI-HAPLORHINI) 

American Scientist

created the term "biome" 

abel to move shortly after birth

born with hair or well developed 

juvenile stage development

UNABLE to survive right after birth- born naked, blind, etc 

Where are the Lemuriformes found?

Give a species(common and scientific) 

Madagascar

Lemur catta

ring tailed lemur

Where are the Lorisiformes found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

Africa and Asia

• Nycticebus pygmaeus 

• Pygmy Slow Loris

• (East Asia:Vietnam, Laos, China)

• Perodicticus potto
• Potto
• Africa

Where are the Tarsiiformes found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

[image]

Phillipines(SE Asia)

Tarsius syrichta syrichta

Phillipine Tarsier 

Where are the Platyrhines found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

NWM Infraorder

South and Central America

Callimico goeldii

Goeldi's monkey 

Cebus capucinus

White-throated capuchin 

Where are the Cercopithecines found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

Which genus is found in Asia? 

Almost all in AFRICA, except macaque which ranges to ASIA

Papio anubis

Olive Baboon

Macaca mulatta 

Rhesus macaque 

Where are the Colobines found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

Africa

Colobus satanas

Black Colobus 

Where are the Hylobatidae found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

SE ASIA

Hylobates lar

Common gibbon

Hylobates syndactylus

Siamang 

Where are the Ponginae found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

SE Asia

Pongo pygmaeus (BORNEO)

Orangutan 

Where are the Gorllinae found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

Africa

Gorilla gorilla gorilla

Western lowland gorilla 

Where are the Pan found?

Give a species(common and scientific)

Africa

Pan troglodytes

Common Chimp 

• The skull has large orbits
• reduced brain case
• an elongated snout
  
• more highly developed olfactory and auditory regions.

Platyrhine(NWM): flat nose, ear ring, arboreal, prehensile tail

Catarrines(OWM, apes): narrow nose, larger body, two premolars in each quadrant vs. three for platyrrhines, arboreal and terrestrial, non-prehensile, ear tube

Monkeys have tails

Apes: brachiation, greater shoulder rotation 

areas that are ecologically similar

can be grouped by latitude or altitude

biomass(amt of organic matter present at a given time / unit area)

vegatation(kg/km²)

the tropics

(define it) 

between 23N and 23 S

(Between tropic of cancer and capricorn) 

majority of primates are here

least annual ∆ in temp

constant warm weather 

tropical wet

tropical moist

montane rainforest 

trop. evergreen forest, very rich, diverse, >100mm a month 

trees-up to 50m tall

shrubs- several stems w/o 1 trunk, adapted to grow in shade

climbers-lianas(woody vines w/fruit, rooted in ground)

epiphytes- plants that grow on branchs or trunks(orchid, lichen mosses)

stranglers- wrap around trees, figs

emergent layer

canopy layer

understory layer

immature layer

herb layer 

just above herb,

below understory 

gets direct sunlight

in canopy 

tropical ranforest

woodlands/savannah(gelada baboons)

temperate biome 

what layer of the forest gets the sunlight?

or the most sunlight 

What are Platyrrhines?

What are Catarrhines? 

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys 

Callitrichids- marmosets and tamarins

Cebidae- cebus, capuchins, etc

(Old World Monkeys)

split into: 

Cercopithicoidea(OWM) and Hominoidea(apes and humans)

primate that lives in:

a) tropical rain forest

b)Tropical woodland-savannh

c) montane rain forest

d) temperate habitat 

a) Common Chimp (Pan troglodytes)

b) Olive Baboon (Papio anubis)

c) Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)

d) Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

vertical clinging and leaping-(Propithecus diadema-Diadema Sifaka)

Terrestrial quadraped-(Gorilla gorilla) (also a knucklewalker)

Arboreal quadraped (Cercocebus albigena-grey cheeked mangabey)

brachiation-(Hylobates agilis-Agile gibbon)

quadrumanous-(Pongo pygmaeus-orangutan) 

horizontal bridging-(Loris tardigradus- slender loris)

knuckle-walking (Pan troglodytes)

bipedalism- (Homo sapiens)

cantilevering

bridging 

leaving a limb or two attached to a branch for balance. sticking out.

slowly crossing branches by holding on. 

galago: SPEED

loris: STEALTH  (very slow)

arm length

leg length 

big number: longer arms for brachiation

small number: more erect? legs longer (human: 72) 

energy(calories)

carbs

protein

fats

vitamins

minerals

water 

Callithrix chrysolueca

(Gold and white marmoset)

CHRYSLER IS GOLD and WHITE with GUM on the seats 

fruit all at once is harvested

organutans do this 

playback

sign language

molecular primatology

reproductive endocrinology

plant chemistry

conservation 

male plant gametes

female plant gametes 

pollen

ovule 

at least one of these in every primate family

(diet) 

West Africa

(Black Colobus) 

Saki

lives in S. America 

Kibale is in East Africa

Uganda, specifically

red-tailed monkey

blue and grey mangabees 

chimps take ____ hours to pass something through gut

(gut retention) 

"leaf eating monkeys"

long intestines for plants 

1876-1956

Yale: PsychoBIO 

Apes

1924 Ape research lab

Published the "Great Apes a study of Anthropoid Life", 1929

FATHER OF RESEACH OF WILD PRIMATES

Sent out: Bingham and Nissen 

sent out by Yerkes

barro Colorado Island(in Panama) 1931-33

Howlers(Aluotta palliata) extensive time spent in the field

descriptive data, also traveld to thailand and w. panama 

Supporter of Darwin

(1825-1895)

"Man's Place in Nature" 

gave food to the japanese macaques, in order to get them to come closer(provisioning)

historical approach- life history- long time!

social behavior

japanese 

sexuality.

1965: "Primate Field Studies of Monkeys and  Apes"

Zimbabwe, Kenya, theoretical 

studied baboons in 1959, same time are goodall 

m²/hectare

(hectare=10,000 square meters) 

baboons

s. Africa

statistics, social behavior, group size v. habitat quality 

sued jarman/bell principle

hominids more omnivorous than carnivorous 

protein/fiber ratio in plants

food for primates, make decisions based on this ratio 

watts 1991

dasilva 1992 

Mtn gorilla doesn't travel much, high food availability

B/W Colobus,goes for SEEDS, when other food is low, seeds have the most protein

Biomass with fruiting trees and primates

On an annual basis, seeds (primarily Caesalpiniaceae) dominated the diet of all monkeys. On a seasonal basis, cercopithecines preferentially consumed fleshy fruits as long as they were available, whereas colobines increased consumption of young leaves when seed availability declined. The consumption of mature leaves was low.

"Origin of Species" 1859

Burunga volcanoes( Mountain gorillas)

American Museum of natural History

went to natural habitiats, helps protect them