Term
| If you start with a liquid with a pH of 3 and add water (pH of 7) what will be the resulting pH? |
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Definition
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Definition
| makes up matter; a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reaction. |
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Definition
substances of at least two different elements.
Ex: NaCl |
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Definition
| Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter |
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Definition
| Minute quanities of elements that oranisms require. Includes: phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and potassium |
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Definition
| Smallest unit of matter still retaining element properties, composed of subatomic particles. |
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Definition
| Along with protons, this neautral charged subatomic particle make up an atom's nucleus. |
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Definition
| Along with the neutron, this positively charged particles makes up a nucleus and decides the atomic number. |
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Definition
| Negitively charged particle than moves around an atom's nucleus at the speed of light. |
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Definition
unit of measurementfor atoms and subatomic particles. Equals the mass of neutons plus protons.
1 dalton = 1.7 x 10^-24 grams |
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Definition
The number of protons in an atom.
Ex. Helium has 2 protons, thus has the atomic number of 2. |
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Definition
The sum of all protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
Ex: Sodium (Na) has 11 protons and 12 neutrons, thus a mass number of 23. |
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Definition
The approximate total mass of an atom.
Ex:The mass number of sodium (Na) is 23, so the atomic mass is about 23 daltons |
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Definition
Atoms with different numbers of neutrons, which makes different masses.
Ex: Carbon- 12 (has 6 neutrons) or carbon- 13 (has 7 neutrons) |
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Definition
the nucleus of an atom decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
(diagnostic tool, moniter biological process (fossils)) |
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Definition
| Capacity to cause change (work) |
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Definition
the energy matter posses due to location or structure.
Ex: Water in a hill reservoir or a stretched rubber band |
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Definition
| the three dimensional space where electrons can be found 90% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
First shell can hold 2 electrons.
All other shells after can hold 8 electrons
To find total number of electrons:
Shell # squared times 2.
4^2= 16 * 2 = 32 electrons in fourth shell. |
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Definition
| Atoms share an electrons and therefore a valence shell. |
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Definition
| Two atoms share valence electrons |
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Definition
| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonding |
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Definition
A pair or shared electrons.
Ex: H-H |
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Definition
Atoms which share two pairs of valence electrons.
Ex: O=O |
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Term
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Definition
The more electronegitive an atom is, the more strongly it pulls other electrons.
As atomic radius increases (more right on the periodic table), ionization energy increases, electronegativity increases. |
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Definition
| Both atoms have equal electronegativity |
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Term
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Definition
| When one atom is more electronegative, the electrons are not shared equally |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical bond formed from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Only occurs when one atoms is so much more electronegative that it strips the electrons from another atom |
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Definition
Compounds formed by ionic bonds. Salts! These have weak chemical bonds.
Ex: NaCl (table salt) |
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Definition
The weakest bond, forms when a hydrogen atom covalently to an electronegative atom.
Ex: H20 |
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Term
| Van der Waals interactions |
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Definition
| Molecules with nonpolar covalent bond may have positive and negative regions. Since electrons accumulate in one area, the atom has ever-changing areas of "hot spots" |
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Definition
| Point where chemical reactions are offset exactly. |
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Definition
| Because water has weak hydrogen bonds, the molecules are constantly breaking and reforming. |
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Definition
The clinging one one substance to another.
Ex: In plants, water clings to cell walls. |
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Definition
| Measure of how difficult it is to stretch and break a liquid's surface. |
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Term
| How does water moderate air temperature? |
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Definition
| Water absorbs heat from warm air and releases it into cool air with little change to its own temp. |
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Definition
| Enery in motion. Anything that moves. |
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Definition
| Measure of the total amount of kinetic energy from molecular motion |
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Definition
| Measure of intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy. |
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Definition
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celcius and boils at 100 degrees Celcius.
The average human body temp. is 37 C.
Room temp. is 20-25 C. |
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Definition
| Amount of heat required to rise the temp. of 1 grams of water 1 deree Celcius. |
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Definition
(1000 calories) Amount of heat required to rise 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celcius.
The calories printed on food packages are actually kilocalories |
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Definition
1 J = .239 cal
1 cal= 4.184 J |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat absorbed or lost for 1 gram of the substance changed to rise 1 degree Celcius |
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Term
| What does specific heat do to water? |
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Definition
Causes water to stabilize because hydrogen bonds must heat to break, and the heat released forms other bonds. If temp drops, more hydrogen bonds are formed and more heat is released. Think of as why the gulf stays warm at night.
1 cal/g/ C. (Alcohol has .6 cal/g/ C). |
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Definition
Transformation of a liquid to gas through heat.
Ex: Water on a hot sidewalk |
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Definition
The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram to be converted from liquid to gas.
Ex: Water has a high H.O.V. 1 gram of water at room temp takes 580 calories to vaporate. Solar heat absorbed by the sea creates moist air. |
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Definition
As a liquid evaporates, the surface molecules will remain to cool down. As the hottest molecules leave as a gas, the average temp drops.
Ex: Stable water temp of lakes |
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Definition
| Water becomes less dense when froze because the hydrogen bonds are further apart. At a certain temp, the hydroegen bonds crystalline and 1 molucule will bond to four others which leads to expansion. |
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Definition
| A liquid completely homogenously mixed between 2 or more substances |
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Definition
The disolving agent of a solution.
Ex: Water |
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Definition
The dissolved agent of a solution
Ex: Sugar |
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Definition
When water is the solvent of a solution.
Note: Water is NOT a universal solvent or it would dissolve our cells! |
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Definition
| The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion. |
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Definition
Stable suspention of particles (Not completely dissolved).
Ex: Cotton. Lava lamp! |
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Definition
the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule, used to calculate the number of molecules.
Ex: Sugar is C6H12O6. 1 C=12 dalton, 1 H=1 dalton, 1 0= 16 daltons. Total daltons of sugar is 342 daltons. |
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Definition
Amount of matter that contains as many objects as the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C.
Avogado's number: 6.02 * 10^23 because this many dalton equal 1 gram. |
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Definition
| The number of moles per liter of solution |
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Definition
Water molecule with a lost proton, makes the charge -1
- OH |
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Term
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Definition
| The hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond shifts, making the hydrogen atom leave an electron behind, so a proton with a +1 charge remains |
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Definition
Substance that increases the Hydrogen concentration of a solution.
pH scale: 0 to 6, 1 being the most acidic |
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Definition
Substance that reduced the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance.
pH scale: 14 to 8, 14 being the most basic |
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Term
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Definition
The measure of hydrogen concentration, equal to -log[H+] and ranges from 0 to 14.
Ex: Water -log^-7= -(-7)= 7 |
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Term
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Definition
substance that minimizes changes in H+ and OH- concentrations by accepting hydrogen ion excess in solution and donating to depleated . Contains a weak acid and base.
Ex: Buffers keep blood at 7.4. Low as 7 or high as 7.8= death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rain water less than 5.6 pH. Caused by sulfor oxides and nitrogen oxide in atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. |
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Term
| If you want to make a .1 liter of 5 molar NaOH, which weighs 40 grams per mole, how much NaOH should you weigh? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the advantage of organelles? |
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Definition
| Incompatable processes can be separated. |
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Term
| What cell structures are in all Eukaryotes but not Prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| What structures are in animal cells but not plant cells? |
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Definition
| Lysosome, extracellular matrix |
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Term
| What organelles are part of the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
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Term
| In animal cells, what channel can molecules pass through without crossing a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the life cycle of an excreted animal protein? |
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Definition
| Born in the ER, travels through the ER, Golgi, then through the cell membrane |
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Term
| What does the endoplamic reticulum (ER) do? |
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Definition
| Make protein lipids, modifies protein by adding a sugar group, and packs proteins into lipid vesicles. |
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Term
| What does the Golgi apparatus (in ALL eukaryote cells) do? |
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Definition
| One side receives proteins through veside fusion, modifies the protein by adding sugar or phosphate groups, addresses labels from modification, then ships it to the plasma membrane/ outside/ lysosome (animals) or vacuole (plants) |
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Term
| What does the lysosome (in animal cells) do? |
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Definition
| Breaks down molecules, recycles, stores diseases, digests particles, assists in cell death. |
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Term
| What does the vacuole (in plant cells) do? |
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Definition
| Water storage, cell sturdiness, stores ions/ metabolites, pigments and toxins. |
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Term
| What organelles are included in the endomembrane system? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, ER, golgi, lysosome, vacuole, plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What is peroxisome? (in all eukaryote cells) |
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Definition
| Not apart of the endomembrane system. Its a single membrane, crystalling look, breakdown fats and detoxification |
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Term
| What is the mitochondrion? (in all eukaryotic cells) |
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Definition
| Not part of the endomembrane system. A membrane covers a folded inner membrane (cristae) over the matrix (hols enzymes). The powerhouse of the cell, energy through cell respiration. |
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Term
| What is chloroplast? (ONLY in plants) |
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Definition
| Two membranes cover stacks of granum (made of layered thylakoid) and surrounded by stroma. Absorbs light to produce sugar |
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Term
| What is semi-autonomous and which cells are? |
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Definition
| Mitochondrion and chloroplast. Have their own DNA, make their own proteins, derived from Prokaryotes according to the Endosymbiont theory. |
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Term
| What is the cytoskeleton and what are the types? |
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Definition
Network of protein fibers throughout the cell for support and movement.
Microtubles, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick, straught, hollow, tubulin fibers. Motor molecules attatch to provide movement. Offers cell support, makes spindle during cell division, movement by flagella or cilia, |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, solid roda made of actin for the cytoskeleton. Temporary structure, contraction (like cell division or muscle movement) uses myosin. |
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Term
| What are intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
| Solid rods of variable diameter made of keratin for the cytoskeleton. Permenant structure, maintains cell shape. |
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Term
| What are contact points in plant cells? |
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Definition
| Plasmodesmata- a space between plasma membranes. |
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Term
| What are contact points in animal cells? |
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Definition
Tight juntions- hold cells together, no fluid transport, keeps foreign compounds out.
Desmosome- Hold cells together, fluid transport is possible, achors cells together.
Gap junctions- Cytoplasmic connections, moleculoa transport, similar to plasmodesmata in plant cells. |
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Term
| What are special qualities of water. |
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Definition
| Cohesive due to hydrogen bonds. High specific heat (a lot of heat needed to change temperature). High surface tension (hydrogen bonds hold molecules together). Highest density is at 4 degrees celcius (allows it to float in crystalline form) |
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Term
| What is a structural isomer? |
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Definition
| Isomers with different arangements of atoms. As the size of carbon increases, the number of possible isomers increase. |
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Term
| What is a geometric isomer? |
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Definition
Same covalent partnerships, different special arrangement. This is made from an inflexable double bond, so it cant rotate freely.
Ex: "X" is on the same side of a double bonded carbon (cis), or cross side (trans). |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule that mirror one another. The middle carbon is the asymetric carbon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate, the primary enery transferring molecule. Can split off to make diphosphate (ADP). |
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Term
| YOu want to make a .5 liter of a .2 molar glucose (Mw= 180 grams). How much glucose will you weigh out? |
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Definition
| 180 g/ mole * .5 L *.2 mole/ L= 18 grams. |
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Term
| What is the advantage of carbon as a building block? |
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Definition
| Carbon is tetravalent and make make 4 bonds. |
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Term
| What is a carbonyl group? |
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Definition
| Functional group present in aldehydes (if at the end of the molecule) and ketones (if in the middle of a molecule), consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxyen. |
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Term
| What is a carboxyl group? |
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Definition
| Group in organic acids, consists of a carbom atom double bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic Amines that pick up protons. Consists of a nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogens. Can act as a base, accepting hydrogen and making a +1 charge. |
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Term
| What is a sulfhydryl group? |
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Definition
| Thiols, a sulfur bonded to a hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Difference between male an female) Ex: -CH(3) |
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Term
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Definition
| The stucture of a polymer of nucleotides (5 carbon sugar + phosphate group + amino base) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cystosine (C), thymine (in DNA- T), and Uracin (in RNA- U) |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) |
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Term
| What is a condensation reaction? |
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Definition
| Monomers connect by a reaction, 2 molecules covalently bond through the loss of a water molecule, also called dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bond between monomers is broken by the addition of water. The Hydrogen attaches to a monomer, hydroxyl group attaches to another monomer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sugars and sugar polymers. The simplast is monosaccahride. A disaccaharide is 2 monomers joined by a condensation reaction. Polysaccaharides are many sugars. |
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Term
| What is a monosaccaharide? |
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Definition
| Has a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl group. Can be aldose (glocose) or a ketoes (fuctose). 6 carbon chains are hexoses (glucose) 3 carbon chain is triose, 5 carbon is pentose. |
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Term
| How are sugars claffified? |
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Definition
| Size of carbon skeleton, spatial arrangement, or location of carbonyl group. |
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Term
| What is a glycosidic linkage? |
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Definition
| A covalent bond formed by dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A storage polusaccaharide in plants stored in plastids by synthesising with hydrolisis. One carbon joins to 4 others at a helical angle. Simplest is amylose (unbranched), amylopectin is 1-6 branch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal storage of starch in liver and muscles, extensive branching, releases through hydrolysis. |
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Term
| How are starches digested? |
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Definition
| Enzymes hydrolysize alpha links, but can't digest beta links. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hydrophobic molecule made of hydrocarbons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule made of glycerol (an alcohol with 3 hydroxyl carbons) and fatty acids (long carbons chain ending with a barboxyl group). Hydrophobic. |
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Term
| What is a saturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| Has no double bond between carbons, results in MANY hydrogen. Ex: Butter, animal fat. Solid at room temp. |
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Term
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? |
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Definition
| One or more double bonds, formed by the removal of hydrogen. Ex: Olive oil, fish fat. Double bond causes kinks, molecules can't pack together so liquid at room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol.The third hydroxyl group joins to a phosphate group. Makes heads loves water and tails hate water, forming a bilayer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids of 4 rings, like cholesterol (an animal cell membrane- sex hormones) |
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Term
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Definition
| %0% or more of cell mass. Speed up chemical reactions, structural support, storage, transport, communication, movement and defense. |
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Term
| What are the types of proteins? |
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Definition
| Structural (support- collagen), storage (ovalbumin in egg whites), transportation (hemoglobin), hormonal (corodinates organism's activites- insulin), contractive (movement- actin and myosin) and defense (antibodies). |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymers of amino acids. Protein is made of 1 or more polypedtides in a coil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carboxyl of 1 amino acid is adjacent to the amino acids of another carboxyl. A enzymes cause the carboxyls to join by dehydration, creating a covalent bond. |
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Term
| What are types of nucleic acids? |
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Definition
| DNA (deoxynucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Double helix held together by hydrogen bonds. Has A...T (2 hydrogen bonds), and G...C (3 hydrogen bonds). DNA carries genetic information, directs RNA synthesis, which directs protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to DNA, but only a sigle strand of amino acid. Directs protein synthesis. |
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