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| Kepler's FIrst Law of Planetary Motion |
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Definition
| 1. Planets follow elliptical orbits; sun is at one focus. |
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| Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion |
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Definition
| 2. The planets sweep out equal areas of their orbits in equal time |
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| Kepler's Third law of Planetary Motion |
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Definition
| Period squared equals the semi-major axis cubed. |
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| Newton's First law of Motion |
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Definition
| Law of Inertia; An object will remain at rest or in uniform straight motion unless acted upon by an external force |
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| Newton's second law of Motion |
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Definition
| the rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the external force applied to it. f=ma |
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| Newton's Third law of Motion |
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action-reaction law. for every force applied by one body on another, an equal and opposite force is applied on the first body by the second.
Fsub1=-Fsub2 |
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| Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation |
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Definition
curved orbits imply a force which we know to be gravitational
F= - G x Mm/r^2 |
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| A planet in orbit about the Sun has an angular momentum = m v r...it's a constant, so if the radius increases, the velocity will decrease, and vice versa. Mass stays the same! |
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| The laws of physics that are true on the earth are true everywhere. Made earth like every other planet. Big change! |
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| laws of physics are the same for all observers |
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| distance over which wave repeats itself (distance between two peaks or troughs) |
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| nanometers (1 x 10^-9 meters) |
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| number of crests that passes a point in one second |
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| From Violet (short wavelength, high frequency) to Red (the opposite) |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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Definition
| From low to high frequency: Radio, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays. |
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| Not all of the EM spectrum makes it through the atmosphere... |
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| time is not a constant; clocks of observers |
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Light Gathering Power- Dsub1^2/Dsub2^2
...answer is how many times brighter something will seem. |
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extremely accurate, used quadrants to measure the positions of the planets
GEOCENTRIC....moon orbited earth, other planets orbited sun while it orbited earth. |
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| a bright star that appears on the sky that was not there before, no parallax....cellestial sphere changes?! |
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| first to utilize the telescope for astronomy, recognized uniform acceleration of objects |
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| Lo, Europa, Ganymede, Castillo, other revolutions exist! Geocentricity? No thank you! |
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Term
| Galileo noticed what with telescopes? |
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Definition
| Moons of Jupiter, Craters on Moon, Sunspots, Saturn's Rings, Milky Way Galaxy, Phases of Venus (shouldve been only crescents) |
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| Who invented the telescope? |
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Definition
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| plane of pendulum wants to maintain the same orientation, and will rotate to counteract earth's rotation. |
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| inherited Tycho's observations, and came up with laws of planetary motion! |
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| wrote Principia, estables laws of motion and law of gravity, and calculus... |
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| Helped lay foundations for Quantum Mechanics (energy is quantized or kept in bundles) and that light is made of photons. |
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| speed of light is a constant; 3 x 10^8 m/s |
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| Consequence of Relativity |
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Definition
| E=mc^2, where mass can be converted into energy, and back... |
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| First Postulate - principle of equivalence |
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Definition
| observer cannot distinguish locally between the forces of acceleration or gravitation (elevator) |
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| Mass determines the curvature of space-time, and the curvature of space-time tells mass how to accelerate. |
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| as curvature of space-time increases due to the distance of a mass, time slows |
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| light falls toward gravitational body the same as a mass. |
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| sound -alternating regions of high and low densities DIRECTION OF TRAVEL |
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| Displacement perpendicular to motion of travel! |
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| transverse waves of electric and magnetic fields |
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| (h) Distance over which wave repeats itself |
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| number of crests that passes a point in one second (period of wave= 1/v) |
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| Frequency versus Wavelength |
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| collects light and bends light to a focus; pros: no central obstruction, great resolution/contrast... Cons: expensive, glass sags, size limit |
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| when focus might not refract all certain wavelengths the same, and you get different colors; stars with halos of red. |
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| two lenses of different glass to counteract the Chromatic Aberration |
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| invented by Newton; primary mirror collects light, cage at primary focus Pros: No Chrom. Ab., cheap, only one surface, can be supported from backside, no size limit....Cons: central obstruction, poor resolution and contrast |
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| uses flat secondary mirror to divert light to side |
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| Uses curved secondary mirror |
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| designed to align rotation of telescope with Earth's rotation axis; can attach a "clock" that moves telscope to counteract earth's rotation. |
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| Analogous to Longitude on the CS; increases eastward from Vernal Equinox (measured in degrees (360) or 24 hours) |
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| Latitude on celestial sphere; Celestial Poles have 90deg N/S Dec |
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| cheaper, dont align with rotation axis; requires computer control to follow stars, most large telescopes use this... |
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| angle measured from North Cp toward East Cp (north to east...90 degrees....north to south....180....etc.) |
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| Photographic Plates (inefficient but cover large areas of sky) Charge-coupled device (CCD)(used by modern instruments) |
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total light emitted by an object
L= 4pi x d^2 F where F(flux)= the amount of light that passes through a unit area |
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| brightness of a star located 10 Parsecs away. |
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| (m-M) (Apparent Magnitude-Absolute Magnitude) |
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| used to measure the distance to an object (also known as Triangulation) |
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| used to measure distance to stars; only used on nearby stars. d=1/p (p-parallax in arcseconds) |
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| Annie Jump Cannon, OBAFGKM (high temp to low temp) |
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