Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance)

Copper

India

Chola Period

Shiva is dancing the cosmic dance, light is manifested from his limbs.

Descent of the Ganges

Granite

India

Pallava Period

• Deities of the river, elephants, bears, lions, gods, angels, humans, all living beings of the world congregate
• shrine, naga kings and Shiva
• elephants and flying angels, or celestial beings
• folktale of cat worshipped by rats, stood by Ganges River with raised paws gazing at the sun for hours

Shiva and Pavarti Seated Above Ravana on Mt. Kailasa

Cave Rock

Ellora, India

Chalukyas Dynasty

• Mt. Kailasa lengendary birthplace of Shiva

Kailasanatha Temple

Rock

Ellora, India

Early Medieval Period

• overwhelming in carvings and sculpture

Parashurameshvara Temple

Orissa, India

• Northern style

• the indigeous religion from India
• formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder
• not a single belief, but beliefs with some similarities in India
• spread in India, Cambodia, Nepal and Indonesia
• a religion, a belief, an daily morality and societal norms such as Hindu marriage customs
• Believe natural gods, spirit, in everywhere, soul of human being and reincarnation
• belief in karma effect in next life, rebirth in upper or level ranks of people

• a supreme god, maintainer or preserver, who protects people
• four-armed, holding a lotus (purity), mace (social status, power), counch and chakra (wheel)

• the destroyer and transformer
• dancing upon Apsmara Purusha, the demon of ignorance in his manifestation of Nataraja, the Lord of the Dance

• 33 caves, 12 are Buddhist type and rest are Hindu type
• located in India, one of the great two cities from Maharashtra

Allegorical Representation of the Emperor Jahangir Seated on a Hourglass Throne

color and gold on paper

India

• sun and moon halo
• a muslim devine
• a European delegate
• hourglass throne sits on a renaissance rug

Madhu Madhavi Ragini

color on paper

India

Torso of female deity

stone

Cambodia

Angkor Vat

Cambodia

• main approach to the central shrine
• surrounded by moat
• long gallery walls
• center tower, and tower at the four corner

Shiva Mahadeva

bronze inlaid with gold and silver

Java, indonesia

• erect posture appropriate because Shiva is a supreme god

Chimera

Tomb of Xiao Xiu

China

Six Dynasties Period

• used as a protector of a shrine
• lion or dog

Instructress Writing Down Her Admonitions for the Benefit of the Two Young Ladies

Handscroll, ink and color on silk

China

Six Dynasties Period

Court Ladies Wearing Flowers in Their Hair

Attributed to Zhou Fang

Handscroll, ink and color on silk

China

Tang Dynasty

Traveling in Spring

Handscroll, ink and color on silk

China

Style of Tang Dynasty

Tomb Figurine: Camel Bearing Troupe of Central Asian Musicians

earthenware

China

Tang Dynasty

• ca. 345-406
• earliest named artist associated with extant works
• southern (Eastern Jin)
• no extant works from his hand
• later works attributed to him
• archaelogically reliable works of his time
• style: fine-line draw style, slender form of figures, thin face, ideal beauty
• landscape: unrealistic scale, bigger figures, smaller mountains and trees, decorative form

• active: 730-800
• Tang standard of plump beauties
• empty ground, garden scene with pets (from Court Ladies Wearing Flowers in their Hair)
• convincing space, more realistic than Kaizhi

• applied with differing pressure
• line draw contour
• cun: inflected dry brush strokes, to draw texture
• dots, draw vegetation
• wash, to draw moisture, water, cloud, shadow, etc.
• calligraphy combines painting
• same tools and materials

• objective likeness: realistic style, fine line draw, line and wash with details, long time to paint
• subjective likeness: abstract style, xieyi (sketching the idea) spontaneous
• painted quickly, can recreate

• "The Founder father of Chinese Art Critism"
• Six Laws (principles, elements, cannon):

-spirit or life and animation

-use of brush

-faithfulness to external appearances

-realistic color

-planning and composition

-transmission of models through copying

• figure painting (secular or religious motif)
• jiehua: architecture painting (focus on interaction with building)
• flowers and birds
• landscapes

• plump face and body
• figures function as protectors of tomb
• disproportionate

• elaborate
• bird-head tip
• low relief floral arabesques
• foundation of following periods

Luohan

Guan-Xiu

Handscroll, ink and color on silk

China

Five Dyansties Period

A Solitary Temple Amid Clearing Peaks

Li Cheng

Handscroll, ink and slight color on silk

China

Five Dyansties-Northern Song Dynasty

Spring Festival Along the River

Zhang Zeduan

Handscroll, ink and slight color on silk

China

Northern Song Dynasty

Landscape in Rain

Ma Yuan

 Handscroll, ink on silk

China

Southern Song Dynasty

Shakyamuni Leaving His Mountain Retreat

Liang Kai

Handscroll, ink and slight color on silk

China

Southern Song Dynasty

• lanscape becomes dominated genre
• techniques developed to describe nature: texture strokes (cun) and wash, new style brush strokes
• new class of painting emerged: scholar- ameteur painters. Literati (later called Wenren)

• Chan Buddhist monk
• poet, calligrapher and painter
• known for painting Arhats (Louhans, Lohans) monk disciples of the Buddha
• painted foreign or Indian face said, "I saw them in my dream."
• his style was standard for others

• served Southern Tang as director of imperial parks
• painted in ink monochrone and color
• real mountains of Jiangnan (South of China)

• notherner
• descendant of the Tang imperial family

-Confucian scholars

• lived in retirement
• painted for pleasure
• known for winter landscapes

• jiehua and genre painting
• ideal city
• see people interact with city
• early spring
• buildings, trees, river

• From Shakyamuni Emerging from the Mountains

-academy mode

 -dramatic trees and cliff frame figure

-season and weather

-harsh, cold landscapes

subject: Chan image of Shakyamuni

human being rather than an abstract god

-shown emerging from mountain

• Major Masters of the Imperial Painting Academy of the Late Southern Song:

-Ma Yuan

-Ma Lin, son of Ma Yuan

-Xia Gui

-Liang Kai

• Style:

-influenced by Li Tang

-diagonal compostition

-big "axe-cut" cun

-graded wash

• find Buddha mature in heart
• Chinese version of Buddhism
• traces, lineage back to Sakyamuni
• Bodhidharma: 1^st patriarch in China

-Shaolin monastery, facing the wall for nine years

Seated Potalaka Guanyin

painted wood

China

Liao Dynasty

Mei Ping Vase

Cizhou stoneware with carved decoration

China

Northern Song Dynasty or Jin Dynasty

Maebyong Vase

Korean Celadon porcelaneous stoneware with inlaid design of birds and trees

Korea

Koryo Period

Covered Vase

Longquan Celadon porcelaneous stoneware

China

Southern Song Dynasty

Avalokiteshvara with Wilow branch

ink, color and gold on silk

Korea

Koryo Period

• diety in elegant pose

• Chinese reincarnations of Indian Buddhist deities
• created new forms of Buddhist deities
• new styles of Buddhist images

-costume similar to a monk

• creamy color background
• covered with slip (black or brown)
• carved with slip (black or brown) away from the background areas
• thick glaze applied
• peony motif: richness
• crane motif: longevity

• gray or blue body, celadon
• with occassional splashes of purple

• southern celadon
• blue-green or sea green and olive green glaze
• taste of th court and scholars
• remebling jade
• influenced by Yun ware in Tang period

• mainly tea bowls
• associated with Chan Buddhism
• also Temmoku ware by Japanese
• dark brown body ceramic
• thick brown glaze
•  rabbit hair pattern

• unified kingdom
• confucianism  dominated the society
• Chinese style civil service examination
• belief in Buddhism

From Illustration to the "Azumaya" Chapter of the Tale of Genji

Handscroll; ink and color on paper

Japan

Heian Period

Buring of Sanjo Palace

section of the handscroll, ink and color on paper

Japan

 Kamakura period

Monkeys Worshipping a Frog

ink on paper

Japan

Kamakura Period

Minatomo no Yorimoto

handscroll, ink and color on paper

Japan

Kamakura Period

• formal costume, posture and gesture of a warrior
• formal individual folds
• face: realistic style
• overall style to show his power

Haya Raigo: The Descent of the Amida Buddha and Heavenly Host

gold and color on silk

Japan

Kamakura Period

• Great Sun Buddha
• Esoteric Buddhism
• influenced by Tang tradition (blue and green landscape)
• looks like a Bodhissatva
• realistic style
• features:

-diagonal composition

-focus on architecture, figures (people), nature

• Japanese style: gold decoration and halo shine of Buddhas and bottissatvas
• function: to help and benefit people

• peak of Japanese Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influence, as well as as Japanese imperialism court art, especially poetry and literature
• Heian means " peace and tranquility" in Japanese

• goverance by Shogunate (tent office), established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first shogun Minamoto no Yorimoto

means sympathy and sadness

(women art style)

• means public occurrences, religious genre (male art style)

• led by the Buddhist sculptors in Japan
• school name associated with the name "Kei"
• Chinese Tang influence
• in realistic style
• each artist had "kei" in their name
• people still believed in Esoteric Buddhism and sculptors were in the realistic style (ex. Wisdom Kings)

Catching a Fish with a Gourd

Handscroll, ink and slight color on paper

Japan

Early Muromachi Period

Hatsuboku Landscape for Soen

section of hangin scroll,

ink on two joined sheets of paper

Japan

Muromachi Period

Kinkaku (Gold Pavillion) of Robuon-ji

Kyoto, Japan

Muromachi Period

• gold leaf
• religious function: Buddhist temple
• destroyed in 1950, rebuilt according to original plan
• top floor: Zen meditation hall
• bottom two floor: worship of Amitabha Buddha
• lotus (water) pond: place to be reborn
• building and pond represent Amitabha pureness

Garden of Daisen-in of Daitoku-ji

Kyoto, Japan

Muromachi Period

Tai-an Teahouse

Myoki-an, Kyoto, Japan

Early Momoyama Period

• visited Korea, probably familiar with  Ma-Xia style of korean painting of the time
• diagonal composition, agular trees, ink tones

• more inkwash and broad brushstrokes in outline
• Chinese style, Japan taste
• splash ink motif: Zen painting

• the founder of Kano School
• representing a Chinese scholar, Zhou Manshi
• Southern Song Style with more decorative qualities

• intended to have silver leaf applied to outside walls
• 8^th Ashkaga shogun built a villa
• similar representation for the golden villa (represent western paradise)

• ceremonies tea drinking of Tangand Song literati and Chan monks
• imported from China
• In the 15^th century, traditional tea ceremony was founded in Japan by Zen priests and painters, patronized by shogun
• use of work of art: gardens, teahouses, iron kettles, bowls, dishes, hanging scrolls, etc.

• harmony
• respect
• purity
• tranquility
• against robust and gorgeous
•  simple, rustic, rough, (likes/ for buildings)