Name: Tetrarchs

Period: Late Antiquity

Date: 300 CE

Significance: This relief depicts the four tetrarchs. The figures here are identical. The only difference between the two is that the Augustus is depicted bearded. The Caesar is depicted shaved. In Roman Art, bearded statues symbolizes maturity. They are simplified into geometric form.

Name: Arch of Constantine

Period: Late Antiquity

Date:312-315CE

Significance: In honor for the Romans to honor Constantine, they built an arch right next to the Colosseum. This arch has three vault passageways. It has a frame by columns. This arch is entirely made by recycled reliefs except for the two rectangular panels. You can see the stylistic differences in each relief.

Name: Basilica of Constantine

Period: Late Antiquity

Date: Early 4th Century CE

Significance: It is a very simple building with no colonnade. The Romans have made such an improvement with their concrete, that they didn’t use colonnade. There are no artistic points. It’s an elongated space with a semi-circular building. They used a technique to make the building look bigger than it really is by decreasing the size of the windows at the apse.

Name: Basilica of Constantine

Period: Late Antiquity

Date: Early 4th Century CE

Significance: It is a very simple building with no colonnade. The Romans have made such an improvement with their concrete, that they didn’t use colonnade. There are no artistic points. It’s an elongated space with a semi-circular building. They used a technique to make the building look bigger than it really is by decreasing the size of the windows at the apse.

Name: St. Peter’s Basilica

Patron: Constantine

Location: Rome

Period: Late Antiquity

Date: 319-350 BCE

As you enter, there is a courtyard in peristyle. This is called the atrium. This is like what we see in Roman architecture. Only people who have been baptized and educated can enter the church. The people that have not have to stay in the narthex. The nave is the central aisle. The nave is wider the side aisles. Basilicas either have 3 or 5 aisles. St. Peter is a 5 aisle basilica. The transept is where the priest would stay. 

*Name: Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Period: Late Antiquity

Date:306-313 CE

Location: Trier, Germany

This basilica started being built in Rome by Maxentius and Constantine continued building it. Only one vaulted space survives today.

Name: Statue of Constantine
Period: Late Antiquity

Date:325-326 CE

Significance: Constantine added his own sculpture to the basilica of Maxentius and Constantine. All that survives today is the head, the arm, and the finger. This is a very obstruct depiction. His features are simplified in geometric art.

Name: Santa Constanza

Location: Rome

Date: 350 CE

Period: Late Antiquity

Significance: This is a type of circular building. There is a colonnade around the circle. This creates a passageway between the colonnade and the walls. The central space between the columns is a large dome space. The mosaics are inspired from the antiquity period. One of the mosaics contains a vineyard and naked servants picking up grapes.  The vineyard symbolizes Dionysus and we will see this symbol repeated again in later art. This mosaic is used as a metaphor refers to the death and resurrection of Jesus.

Name: Santa Constanza

Location: Rome

Date: 350 CE

Period: Late Antiquity

Significance: This is a type of circular building. There is a colonnade around the circle. This creates a passageway between the colonnade and the walls. The central space between the columns is a large dome space. The mosaics are inspired from the antiquity period. One of the mosaics contains a vineyard and naked servants picking up grapes.  The vineyard symbolizes Dionysus and we will see this symbol repeated again in later art. This mosaic is used as a metaphor refers to the death and resurrection of Jesus.

Name: Santa Sabina

Location: Rome

Date: 422-432 BCE

Period: Late Antiquity

Significance: This temple survives today. In plan, there are multiple phases and not as clean as St. Peter’s. This building went through multiple phases. From the outside, it is made out of brick and has no decoration. In the inside, it has mosaics and wall paintings. This basilica is a 3 aisle basilica. There are windows on top of the colonnade. In this period, we see that the colonnades divide the aisles, these columns support an arch. Again, in medieval times, it wasn’t principle to have a common style. As long as the architecture was used for function. It didn’t matter that there were different styles.

Name: Oratory of Galia Piacidia

Location: Ravenna

Date: 425-426 BCE
Period: Late Antiquity

Significance: The plan of the building represents a cross. There is a center and four aisles. Who is Galia Piacidia? Galia Piacidia was the doctor of the Western Empire. Later, Galia married a God king, and she became the mother of the future emperor of Valencia. She ruled Valencia. She was a very important woman in the fifth century.

The good shepherd

Location: Oratory of Galia Piacidia

Significance: Important symbolization of new Christianity

Name: St. Lawrence

Location: Oratory of Galia Piacidia

Significance: Important symbolization of new Christianity

Name: Sarcophagus of Constantina

Location: Rome

Date: 350 CE
Period: late Antiquity

Significance: This Sarcophagus is made out of red stone. There are naked figures making wine. Again we see the symbolization of wine making representing the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Name: Haghia Sophia

Date: 532-537 CE

Location: Constantinople

Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

Patron: Justinian

Architects: Anthemus of Trallels and Isidorus of Miletus

Significance: There is a dome in the center of the building. There are 3 distinguished phases. 

Name: San Vitale

Date: 526-547 CE

Location: Ravenna

Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

Patron: Justinian

Significance: This building has a dome supported by 8 piers. Here, the dome is not supported by a square, it is supported by an octagon, which makes it a more simple structure. The interior of this church is entirely covered with marble veneer. Some parts, there are mosaics. In the apse, there are a few mosaics.

Name: Apse Mosaic San Vitale

Date: 527-547

Period: Early Byzantine

This mosaic pictures Jesus Christ sitting on a globe representing the Universe. He holds a manuscript with his left hand. With his right hand, he is offering a crown. Overall, this image is about offerings.

Name: Mosaic with Justinian and his attendants

Date: 526-547 CE

Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

Significance: In this mosaic, the emperor and the Queen are bringing offerings to the Church. Again, we see the symbolization of offerings. This relates to the Eucharist. The figures are casted in two-dimensional.

Name: Ivory Diptych with Archangel Michael

Date: Early 6^th Century CE

Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

Significance: Two panels, they are hinged together, like a laptop. There are two panels that connect an arch. We see a relationship with Nike of Samothrace.

Name: Rebecca at the well Vienna Genesis

Date: 6^th Century CE
Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

Significance: This codex is the oldest well-preserved, surviving, illustrated biblical codex. In the 5^th century, what became more common was what is called a codex. Pages were bound together by glue with a back cover and a front cover. During this time, books started being illustrated. Now, we have whole paintings in pages of a book! 

Name: Icon with Virgin and child between St. Theodore and St. George

Date: Early 6^th-7^th Centuries CE

Location: St. Catherine's Monastery in Egypt's Sinai

Period: Early Byzantine (525-726 CE)

These images are called icons. The term iconography, refers to a movable painting. There was a major dispute whether God should be used as an icons. The angels are depicted more life-like.

Name: Hosios Loukas

Date: Early 11^th century

Location: Boeotia, Greece
Period: Middle Byzantine

Significance: This churches in the Middle Byzantine become smaller. Size is not a big goal. The goal is to make symmetrical structures. The main plan of this period is the Crucifer Plan of a symmetric building. It has a shape of a square. The building contains a Greek cross inside the square.   In terms of construction during Middle Byzantine, it becomes highly elaborated and highly decorated.

Name: Monastery of Daphni

Date: Late 11^th century CE

Location: Athens, Greece

Period: Middle Byzantine (843-1204 CE)

Significance: The Monastery uses bricks on the interior of the building. It has a unique look to it.

Name: Pantokrator, Monastery of Daphni

Date: Late 11^th century CE
Period: Middle Byzantine (843-1204 CE)

Significance: This mosaic is made up of glass pieces so that it creates a pattern. It is very common in Christian architecture, primarily using the golden color, so that the church represents the glory of God. Pantokrator refers to the power of God. Jesus is depicted extending his right eye and holding the bible.

Name: Crucification Mosaic, Daphni

Date: Late 11^th century CE

Period: Middle Byzantine (843-1204 CE)

Significance: This mosaic depicts the crucifiction, again using the golden color. The golden color increases the emotional effect of the mosaic. The suffering of Jesus, Joseph, and Mary, and meant to move the worshippers.

Name: St. Mark

Date: 1063 CE

Location: Venice
Period: Middle Byzantine (843-1204 CE)

Significance: We see 5 domes in total and the Greek cross plan again. This is a gothic that refers to a later phase than the original construction of the church. In the original construction, the church was entirely covered by mosaics.

Name: David the Psalmist

Date: second half of 10^th century CE

Period: Middle Byzantine

Significance: There was a change in the creation of books. For 3000 years, there was no change in how books were made, using Egyptian ways. In the 5^th century, what became more common was what is called a codex. Pages were bound together by glue with a back cover and a front cover. During this time, books started being illustrated. Now, we have whole paintings in pages of a book! The picture of David the Psalmist is copied into a page of a book.  

Name: Dome of the Rock

Date: 691 CE

Location: Jerusalem
Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: This is the one of the most holy places in the Islamic world. This is a holy place shared between all three religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. It is a building with a golden dome in Jerusalem. This place isbelieved to be the location where Muhammad goes to heaven. It is the site where Adam was created. The place is a big significance to all 3 religions. It consists of one rock, which is surrounded by a dome building. The exterior is decorated with blue tiles. In the interior, it includes marble veneer on the walls. The dome is a mosaic. The rock, which is at the core of the building, it surrounded by windows and piers that support the building. In the building, there is the first version of the Quran. This building is iconic, has geometric patterns, and contains scriptures from the holy book Quran.

Name: Great mosque of Kairouan

Period: Islamic Art

Significance: This mosque was built in the 9^th century. There is a very large courtyard. They articulated in the roof, a higher ceiling. Why?? This back wall faces towards Mecca. All prayers are oriented towards Mecca. The wall towards Mecca is the holiest place of the mosque. This is called the Qibla wall.

Name: Great mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Date: 785-786 CE

Location: Cordoba, Spain

Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: When Arabs conquered Spain, they converted a pre-existing Cathedral into an Islamic mosque. Since it was built in a pre-existing church, there are elements that are recycled from the old church. There are marble that covers double arches. It is called a horse-shoe arch. It is bigger than a semi-circle. The Arabs took this adopted technique from the Romans and it became very profound in Arabic architecture. The dome was covered by mosaics made by design masters.

Name: Great mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Date: 785-786 CE

Location: Cordoba, Spain

Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Name: Great mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Date: 785-786 CE

Location: Cordoba, Spain

Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Name: Kutubiya Mosque

Date: 1125-1130 CE

Location: Marrakesh, Morocco

Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: This mosque was built in the 12^th century. There is an exception artifact surviving here, a wooden staircase. This staircase was made out of wood and had ivory elements. What we see on the side is a type of art, called strap work. It is an assembly of finely cut wooden pieces that make interlacing ribbons.

Name: Kutubiya Mosque

Date: 1125-1130 CE

Location: Marrakesh, Morocco

Period: Islamic Art Under the Ummayyads and the Abbasids  (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: This mosque was built in the 12^th century. There is an exception artifact surviving here, a wooden staircase. This staircase was made out of wood and had ivory elements. What we see on the side is a type of art, called strap work. It is an assembly of finely cut wooden pieces that make interlacing ribbons.

Name: Sultan Hasan Madastra-Mausoleum

Date: 1356-1363 CE

Location: Cairo, Egypt

Period: Islamic Art Under the Umayyads and the Abbasids (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: The plan of this complex has four spaces arranged in a square. They were meant for study spaces to study different fields. It was also the space where prayers take places. In the back, there is a frieze that depicts a script. Also, there is an arch that contains marble veneer. Complexes included places study, work, and worship.

Name: Sultan Hasan Madastra-Mausoleum

Date: 1356-1363 CE

Location: Cairo, Egypt

Period: Islamic Art Under the Umayyads and the Abbasids (7^th-14^th centuries)

Name: Macy Jug

Date: 1215 CE

Location: Iran

Period: Islamic Art Under the Umayyads and the Abbasids (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: This just was made using the same technique as the making of tiles on buildings. They painted the surface of ceramics and glazed it. After the vase was glazed, they rebaked the vase and the oxides would produce a reflective sheen. This vase is a double wall. The outer wall of the vase is decorated with animals such as sphinxes.

Name: Baptistery of St. Louis

Date: 1300 CE

Location: Syria or Egypt

Period: Islamic Art Under the Umayyads and the Abbasids (7^th-14^th centuries)

Significance: The reasons that artists used brass was because silver and gold was hard to work with. They developed this technique with brass incorporated with silver and gold. This vase is the best example using that technique. This shows us the pride of the artist.

Name: Alhambra, Spain

Date: 1354-1391

Location: Spain

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Significance: This building in Granada, Spain, contained government buildings, study places, mosques, baths, quarters, stables, workshops, and gardens. There are four channels kind of representing the concept of paradise, it has statues of lions. 

Name: Alhambra, Spain

Date: 1354-1391

Location: Spain

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Name: Sultan Selim Mosque, Edirne, Turkey

Date: 1568-1575 CE

Location: Edirne, Turkey

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Significance: This mosque was built by architect Mimar Sinan. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture.

Name: Sultan Selim Mosque, Edirne, Turkey

Date: 1568-1575 CE

Location: Edime, Turkey

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Significance: This mosque was built by architect Mimar Sinan. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture.

Name: Masjid – I Shah

Date: 1611-1638 CE

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Location: Isfahan

Significance: In plan, there is a courtyard, there are four spaces. The dome is covered in blue tiles. Here we see an iwan in blue tiles.

Name: Taj Mahal

Date: 1631-1648 CE

Location: Agra, India

Period: Islamic Imperial Period (14^th-17^th centuries CE)

Significance: The Taj Mahal is famous for their Mongol gardens. There are multiple squares that carry water. There are subdivision of spaces that create a highly landscape garden. It is one of the most famous mongol gardens ever built.

Name: Manuscript attributed to Galinus

Significance: Calligraphy was very important. Studying the Quran was a very important requirement, therefore there was a high level of literacy. 

Name: Qur’an Page

Significance: The letters are written in black paint. The letters are very large because the Qur’an was shared with different worshippers and clarity was important. The bottom symbol shows the page and chapter.

Name: Bowl with Kufic Border

Significance: The horizontal and vertical elements are elongated and exaggerated with purpose to cover the whole border. The inscription says the beginning is good to taste, but the ending is sweeter than honey. This symbolizes importance of knowledge.

Name: St. James Cathedral

Date: 1078-1122 CE

Location: Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE

Significance: This church is a very good example of Romanesque art. There are vaults between arches. These arches are seen since Roman times. There are columns that support the arches. On the side aisle, there are cross vaults, we have also seen this in Roman architecture. It also fireproof. In terms of plan, the plan of the church looks like a basilica. In terms of width, it is not very wide because the bigger the width, the bigger the vaults, the bigger the forces. Therefore, it would’ve been too difficult to build. In order to show a magnificent design, it has a long length. In the back behind the apse, there is a space called the ambulatory. This is a curved corridor.

Name: 3^rd Abbey Church at Cluny

Location: Cluny, France

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE

Date:1088-1130 CE

Significance: This church was set under the direct control of the Pope. This church had great significance. It was founded by the money that was paid by the Muslims in Spain, when the Christians started controlling southern Spain. This church was the largest in Europe by the time it was completed in 1130 BCE. In plan, we have a five aisle church. This church was made by cut stone. Unfortunately, it does not survive today other than one section. It was about the size of St. Peter’s.

Name: Abbey Church of Notre dame

Location: Fontenay, France

Period: Romanesque Art 

Date: 1139-1147 CE

Significance: This church was a very significant church because instead of having semi-circular vaults, there are pointed arches. In Romanesque times, there is more effort to make bigger spaces and have higher ceilings. This gothic architecture was very magnificent

Name: Cathedral, Pisa

Location: Pisa, Italy

Period: Romanesque Art

Date: 1063

Significance: Pisa was competing with the rest of the cities for the control of the Mediterranean. It had naval power. After a victory over the Muslims, Pisa commissioned a construction for a very large cathedral. This cathedral is known today because of the Leaning Tower. The Leaning Tower was not well constructed. This style was Tuscany-Romanesque.

Name: Durham Cathedral

Date: 1087-1093 CE

Location: England

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE

Significance: There is an example of normal Romanesque, where the arches intersect each other and there are cross vaults.

Name: South portal and porch, Church of Saint Pierre, France

Date: 1115 CE

Period: Romanesque Art

Significance: South portal: There is a frieze that depicts Christ as a majesty. Christ is surrounded by winged creatures that symbolize the four evangelists. The other figures are highly animated and are turning towards Christ.

Name: Trumeau of Church of Saint Pierre, France

Date: 1115 CE

Significance: There is a vertical element, a trumeau. The trumeau and the side columns are sculpted. It is sculpted in the front with crisscrossing lions.

Name: Portal, Cathedral of Saint-Lazare Autun, France

Date: 1125 CE

Location: Autun, France

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th centuries CE

Significance: It is not that different from the South Portal of Saint Peter. We can see the central Christ and other figures surrounding it.

Name: The Throne of Wisdom

Date: Late 12^th century CE

Location: Auverge, France

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE

Significance: This object was put on the altar and used in the liturgy. Wooden objects were used in reenactments. Wooden artifacts 

Name: Baptismal font, Notre Dame

Date: 1107-1118 CE

Location: Liege, France

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE

Significance: It is supported by 12 oxen and depicts scene of the life of John the Baptist.

Name: Worchester Chronical

Date: 1140 CE

Location: England

Period: Romanesque Art 11^th-13^th Centuries CE
Significance: Earliest known illustrated book. This chronicle the events related to Henry the First.

Name: St. Denis

Date: 1140-1144 CE

Location: Paris, France

Period: Early Gothic 1140-ca.1200

Significance: He walked without his head before dying. The central portals are semi-circular. Christ is depicted in majesty. It is depicted in Romanesque style. What was really innovated about this church, was the construction of the choir and ambulatory. Sugar wanted to build a space that would be full of life in the church. The pointed arches go sideways instead of perpendicular. You can reach a higher height with pointed arches, supporting the same amount of weight. The church choir and ambulatory contain rib vaults.

Name: Notre-Dame, Paris

Date: 1163 CE

Location: Paris, France

Period: Early Gothic 1140-ca.1200

Significance: This cathedral is considered an icon of Paris. This church was significant because was see true flying buttresses. This church really is the very first fully gothic church.

Name: Notre Dame, Chartres

Date: 1194-1220 CE

Location: Chartres, France

Period: High Gothic c.1200-c.1250

Name: Notre-Dame, Reims, France

Date: 1211 CE

Location: Reims, France

Period: High Gothic c.1200-c.1250

Name: Sainte Chapelle

Date: 1239-1248 CE

Location: Paris, France

Period: Rayonnant c.1240-c.1300

Name: Sainte Chapelle

Date: 1239-1248 CE

Location: Paris, France

Period: Rayonnant c.1240-c.1300

Name: Salisbury Cathedral

Location: Salisbury, England

Date: 1220-1258

Patron: Bishop Richard Poore

Period: Gothic in Europe Other Than France 13^th-14^th Centuries CE

Significance: This church is located in Southern England. It is built very close to Stonehenge. It is a very magnificent church. It includes living quarters and a very nice courtyard. In the nave, it is very elongated. It has emphasis on horizontal axis. Another characteristic of English gothic style, is that the walls are very massive. There was no need for flying buttresses. In England, it was a tradition to build very large and massive walls. On the outside of the cathedral, there are projecting towers. In plan, these towers give extra width, making the cathedral look even bigger. In contrast to French Gothic, the three portals are not emphasized at all. The proportion from the portals to the windows are reversed. The windows are very tall and lengthy. The windows are filled with stained glass.

Name: St. Elizabeth of Hungary

Date: 1235-1238

Location: Marburg, Germany

Patron: Knights of Teutonic Order

Period: Gothic in Europe Other Than France 13^th-14^th Centuries CE

Significance: There are two rows of windows, you would assume there are two stories, but there are not. It is a 3 aisle cathedral in plan. All 3 aisles have equal height. There are no difference in height between aisles. St. Elizabeth was a princess in Hungary. She was sent to Germany at a very young age, 4 years old, to marry a local ruler. She died very young, at the age of 24. She devoted her life into helping the poor, she became a Saint. This building type became very popular in Germany. It was only used for churches, it was used for civic buildings.

Name: Shrine of the Kings

Date: 1190-1205/10 CE

Location: Cologne, Germany

Period: Gothic in Europe Other Than France 13^th-14^th Centuries CE

Artist: Nicholas of Verdun

Significance: Metal workings

Name: Hosios Loukas

Date: Early 11^th century 
Period: Middle Byzantine

Significance: This churches in the Middle Byzantine become smaller. Size is not a big goal. The goal is to make symmetrical structures. The main plan of this period is the Crucifer Plan of a symmetric building. It has a shape of a square. The building contains a Greek cross inside the square.   In terms of construction during Middle Byzantine, it becomes highly elaborated and highly decorated.