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Art History Vocabulary
The elements and principles of design, and how they fit with works of art.
23
Art History
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2009

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Term
Artist
Definition
The one responsible for creating the work of art.
Term
Title
Definition
The identifying name given to the work of art.
Term
Date
Definition
The time the work of art was begun and completed.
Term
Location
Definition
1. Original location - Where the artwork was before it was moved to a museum. This may be at a grave site, a church, a palace, a home, or... 2. Present location - Where the artwork is located now.
Term
Category
Definition
Distinction of art based on the essential usilization of space. (1) Planar Space - Painting, drawing, graphic, photography, (2) Volumentric Space - Sculpture, ornamental, practical, crafts, (3) Environmental Space - Architecture.
Term
Medium
Definition
Substance or material used by the artist. (Watercolor, marble, wood, etc) Nature of medium: strenghts and weaknesses
Term
Dimensions
Definition
This may be in feet and inches or in the metric system. It includes two and three dimensional measurements.
Term
Technique
Definition
1. Tools and processes used to work the medium, 2. Method of executing manual (technical) details, 3. Ability to employ a medium adequately in order to achieve a predetermined expressive effect.

A) Painting - Encaustic, fresco, egg tempera, distemper, oil, watercolor, gouache, acrylic, etc.
B) Drawing - Pencil, metal point, charcoal, chalk, crayon, pen and ink, brush and ink, etc.
C) Printmaking - Relief, Intaglio, Lithography, Serigraphy, Monotypes
D) Photography
E) Sculpture
F) Mixed Media
G) Ephemeral - Video, Earthwork, Cinema, computer art, etc.
H) Architecture - Stone, Wood, Steel, Plastic, etc.
Term
Subject
Definition
1. Person or object represented
2. Topic, theme, motif of a work of art
3. Raw material of experience leading to creative act
Term
Formal Analysis - Composition, Form, and Unity
Definition
Composition: Organization of the ELEMENTS OF ART according to the PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN.
Form: Final and total appearance of art object. Unification and expressive handling of elements which are arranged into artistic combinations.
Unity: The result of bringing the elemets of art into the appropriate ratio between harmont and variety, thus giving a sense of oneness.
Term
THE ELEMENTS OF ART
Definition
1. Line - actual, implied, edges
2. Shape - organic, geometric
3. Mass - organic, geometric
Texture - tactile qualities, visual representation of tactile qualities of a surface
5. Pattern - repeated, ordered designs
6. Value - relationship in a painting between tones. TONES range from dark to light, CHIAROSCURO gradations of light and shade revealing form. Light may be used as a medium.
7. Color: Hues, Value: Tint/shades
Term
THE COLOR WHEEL
Definition
Primary Colors (Red, Blue, Yellow),
Secondary Colors (Orange, Green, Violet)
Tertiary Colors
Term
Color Harmonies
Definition
Monochromatic, Complementary, Analogous, and Triad
Term
OPTICAL EFFECTS OF COLOR
Definition
(A) Simultaneous Contrast - two complementary colors are more brilliant when adjacent. (B) Afterimage - Faint complementary image after staring at a color patch. (C) Advance/Recede - Some colors seem to move, (D) Optical Color Mix - The eye blends colors at a distance, creating a new color.
Term
Principles of Design
Definition
CRAP - Contrast, Repetition, (Emphasis) Alignment, Proximity (Balance).

Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Radial, Referential Weight

Emphasis = Focal Point = Dominance, according to position, contrast, color intensity, and size.

Movement - can be implied or actual.

Space - illusion of depth on 2D surface, and Clues to Depth - overlap, etc.
Spatial Composition - planar space (fore, middle, background) - Recessional Space (organized in a adiagonal, and Negative Space - dur

Variety - the differences achieved by opposing, contrasting, changing, elaborating, diversifying elements in a composition.

Rythm - The way elements are repeated

Proportion - Ratio between respective parts of composition, ratio of parts to the whole.

Scale - Size of an object in relation to a normal size

Contrast - Juxtaposition of strongly different elements

Economy - Paring things down to the essentials - abstraction

Harmony - Pulling together of opposing forces in a composition
Term
Architecture
Definition
1. Plans - spaces arranged as seen from above, w/ dimensions (?)
2. Elevation - exterior walls drawn as if seen head on
3. Sections - vertical cross sections of structure
4. perspectivfe Renderings - pictorial visualization of building in setting
5. Cutaways - rendering the inside and outside from an oblique angle
6. Structural system - principles that enable stability according to materials in setting
7. Space-spanning construction - post and lintel, corbeled arch, arch, dome, vault, cantilever, suspension span, truss, steel frame, balloon frame, detc.
8. Materials - Bone, skins, wood, stone, glass, iron, steel, plastic, etc
9. Site or Setting - Locatiuon of the building
10. Program - addresses all the problems embodied in a specific building
11. Function - the purpose for which the building was created
12. Form - the general overall apperaance of the work as a whole.
Term
CONTENT ANALYSIS - Content
Definition
Content is the essential meaning, significance, or aesthetic value of an art form. The psychological or snsory properties one tends to "feel" in art forms as opposed to the visual aspects of the art.

A. Function - the purpose for which work was made.

B. Iconography - Study of the convential meaning of symbols, objects, persons, gestures, events depictued.
C. Iconology - Study of the "why" of subject matter.
D. Symbol - Representation of a quality or situation through use of an intermediate angent.
E. Mood - Predominant feeling or emotion exprwessed in a work.
Term
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
Definition
Style.

Realism - Depicts objects as the are in actial, visible reality.
Naturalism - Physical appearnace of the rendered IMAGE IN NATURE is primary inspiration. Resembles the original bit is not created with the same exactitude and liberalness as found in realism.
Idealization - Stives fro perfection that grounded in prevailing values of a culture.
Abstract - Invented forms usually derived from nature which are exaggerated or simplified but is still representational.
Expressionisitc - Appeals to the subjective response of viewers through the exaggerated aspects of compositiobn.
Illusionistic - imitation of visual reality, method of overcoming flatness of picture plane
Representational - referential, recognizable subject matter
Non - objective: non-referential - abstract art carried to extreme eliminating all natural appearing obects
Classical - characteried by rational, controlled, clear and intellectuial approach.
Romantic - characterized by the experimental - intuitive, spontaneous expression, imagination, picturesque rather than charfefully organized, rational approach
Linear - emphasis on line as opposed to mass or color.
Painterly - emphasis on brushwork
Isms - variety of movements have occurred in the 20th century, including fauvism, Expressionish, Cubism, etc. The ISMS are a hallmark of Modernism.
Term
INFORMATION ABOUT THE ARTIST
Definition
Biograpica info on the artist that is pertenent to the work of art created.
Term
Social Context
Definition
The general political, economic, religious, scientific, intellectual, and technological backgroudn that accompanies and influences art historical events.
Term
CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Taste
Definition
Individual preferences or inclination
Term
CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Criticism
Definition
Evaluating or analizing works or art with knowledge and objectivity in order to make an educatid appraisal of their significance. Historical, (how work was evaluated in the past) and contemporary.
Term
CRITICAL ANALYSIS - Personal interpretation
Definition
A blend of criticism and taste in which the writer expresses a personal opinion based upon both objective analysis and individual preference.
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