Venus of Willendorf

Paleolithic time period

Created 28-25,000 BCE

Made out of limestone

tiny figurine with its anatomical exaggeration, typifies Paleolithic representation of women whose child-bearing capabilities ensured the survival of the species

Rerepesents fertility or womanhood

Sculptor used a stone to scratch into the stone to outline the pubic triangle

Sculptors often omited this  detail in other Paleolithic female figurines. Many of the women also had far more slender proportions than the Willendorf.

Pharaoh Khafre Enthroaned

Old Kingdom Egypt

2520-2494 BCE

Diorite- an exceptionally hard, dark stone

Khafre is represented as divine ruler with a perfect body. The rigidity of the pose creates the effect of eternal stillness, appropriate for the timelessness of the afterlife.

Egyptians normally used wood,clay, and other materails for images of those not of royal or norbal statues, the primary material for tomb statuary way stone.

Between the legs of the throne are interwined lotus/paprus plants -symbol of Egypt

Falcon-god Horus extends his protective wings to shelter the Pharaohs head

Seated represents serenity.

Parthenon

Architects  Iktinos and Kallikrates

Statue of Athena was created by Phidias

447-438 BCE

The Parthenons harmonious design and mathematical precision of sizes of its constituent elements obsure the fact that the architecs incorporated in their design pronounced deviations from the stricktly horizontal and vertical lines assumed to be the basis of all Greek temples

Temples exterior had a Doric Frieze , the inner frieze that ran around the top of the cella was Ionic. The mix of Doric and Ionic features characterizes the 5th century BCE buldings of the Acropolis.

Phidias

Athena Statue -fully armed with shield, spear, and helmet, and she held Nike in her right hand.

Metopes alluded to the Greek defeat of Persians.

Every inch of the 524 foot long Inonc frieze. - represents the fesitval procession of citizens on horseback and onfoot that took place every four years.

Dozens of larger-than-life-size statues were set in the two pediments.

Doryphoros- "Spear Bearer"

Polykleitos

Date 450 BCE

Classic Greek

Sculputre of a nude man carved out of marble.

Polykleitos sought to portray the perfact mand to impose order on human movement. He achieve his goals by employing harmonic portions and a system of cross balance for all parts of the body known as contropasto stance

Other works of art created around this time were the Kritios Boy that first introduced the contrapposto stance.

Greeks sculpted men and women nude was due to the influence that Egyptians had on them during them during the Archaic period.

Villa of Mysteries

Unknown Artist

Roman Period

Dionysiac mystery frieze

Artist Pompeii

Second style painting aimed to dissolve a rooms confining walls and replace them with the illusion of an imaginare 3-D world.

This style created the illusion of a shalow ledge on which human and divine actors move around the room. Some actors interact across the corners of the room.

Other pieces of art work durning this time frame was the Villa at Boscoreale. In comparison with the Villa of Mysteries, the Villa at Boscoreale this piece of art has painted doors and gates inviting the view to walk through the wall into the maginficant world the painter created. Knowledge of the single-point linear perscpective (which will be seen late in the Renaissance ) this suggested depth in the painting.

Portrait of Augustus as General

Roman Art

Original done in 20 BCE said to be done in bronze

Augustus is shown in this role of "Imperator" commandor of the army.

He is in military clothing, carring a baton, and raising his right hand, possibly a pose addressing his troops

This is an idealized image of Augustus based on the 5th century BC statue of Spear Bearer Doryphoros by Polyklietos .

Augustus is in the contropposto stance

Cupid riding a dolphin reveals his supposed mythical ancestry to the goddess Venus (Cupid's mother)

Chartres Cathedrial

Early Gothic

the west facade was all that remained after the fire in 1194

Architectural historians consider the rebuilt chruch the first monument of High Gothic archieture

Dedicated to Virgin Mary

Style name given by Renaissance of Italy, to refer to what was called " French Style"

Same scale as the Durham Cathedral

taller and used pointed arch

Wanted to bring light in

Lighter interior columns from Romanesque

Buttresses

Take the weight

Upper ones called "flying buttresses"

St. Denis was first Cathedral made with these

Stained Glass window

Virigin Entrhoned - Sacred window, 1193 church burned & this window was all that remained, rebuilt in 1220

Arena Chapel

Gothic

Artist Giotto

wanted to project onto a flat surface the illusion of solid bodies moving through space.

Fresco style painting

done for Enrico Scarvingi - built chapel as a offer to God

Called Arena because located next to old Roman Arena

7 leagues of hell

38 framed panels, on three levels he presented a complete cycle of life of Christ, culminating in the Last Judgement cover the entrance wall.

3 pictorial levels rest on a coloristically neutral base.

Imitation marble venner, reminiscent of ancient Roman wall decoration alternates with the Virtues & Vices painted in grisaille to resemble sculpture.

Lamentation - Part of the Arena Chapel

fresco, Giotto grouped the figures within the constructed space, each group has its own definition, and each contributes to the rhythmic order of the composition.  Giottos new devices for depicting spatial depth and body mas could not, have been possible without his management of light and shade.

Around the same time Duccio painted the Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints, he derived the formality & symmetry of his composition from Byzantine tradition, but relaxed the rigidity and frontality of the figures, softened the drapery, and indiviudalized the faces.

St. Mark

Early Renaissance

Donatello

Donatello introduced the classical principal of weight shift, or contrapposto into Early Renaissance sculpture. As the weight shifts, the drapery moves withit, hanging and folding naturally from the body. Viewer is able to sense the figure as a draped nude human, not a stone statue.

It is the first Renaissance statue whose voluminous drapery does not conceal but accentuates the movement of the arms, legs, shoulders, and hips.

Holy Trinity

Early Renaissance

Masaccio

Fresco style painting, painted on two levels of unequal height.

it is the premier early 15th century of the application of mathematics to pictorial organization in Brunelleschi's new science of perspective.

about five feet off the ground the vanishing point (the foot of the cross) pulls the two views together, creating the illusion of a stone structure that transects the walls vertical plane.

The adjustment of the pictured space to the viewers postions was an important innovation inillusionistic painting, which other artists of the Renaissance and later Baroque period would advance.

Van Eyck also painted "Wedding Portrait" around the same time who uses hidden symbolism within his portrait. Oil on canvas

Ghent Altarpiece

Flemish

Van Eyck

Monuemnetal painted altarpieces were popular in the 15th century Flemish Churchs. It was a Flemish altrapiece that took the form of polytychs. Artists decorated both interior and exteriors.

Mulitple image format allowed the artist to construct narratives through a sequence of images.

Van Eyck like Campin used oil paints to render the entire alterpiece in a shimmering splendor of color. Van Eyck rendered every figure garment, and object with meticulous fidelity to appearance. Giovanni Arnolfini also painted an alterpiece

David  

High Renaissance

Michelangelo

created out of marble, exhibits the characteristic representation of energy in reserve. The anatomy of David's body plays an important part in this prelude to action. His rugged torso, sturdy limbs, and large hands and feet alert viewers to the strength to come.

He greatly admired Greco-Roman statues, in particular the skillful and preise rendering of heroic physique. Without imitating this style completely, Michelangelo captured the tension of Lysippan athletes and the psychological insight and emotionalism of Hellenistic statuary.

It is different from Donatello's David because Michelangelo abandoned the self-contained composition of the 15th century statue  by turning the hero's head towards his gigantic adversary.

Venus of Urbino

High Renaissance

Titian   

Madonna of the Rocks

High Renaissance

Da Vinci

He painted the figures using gestures and a pyramidal grouping to unite them all. He achieved a groundbreaking feat the unifed representation of objects in an atmospheric setting.

The Madonna, Christ Child, infant John the Baptist, and angel emerge through nuances of light and shade from the half-light of the cavernous visionary lanscape. the light simultaneously viels and reveals the form, immersing them in a layer of atmosphere between them and the observer.

Raphael painted Madonna in the Meadow using Da Vincis pyamidal compostion. Raphael used lighter tonalities of Umbrain painting, and set his Madonna in a well lit landscape andimbued her with grace, diginity, and beauty.

Calling of St. Matthew

Baroque

Oil on Canvas

Caravaggio

A peircing ray of light illuminating a world of darkness and bearing a spiritual message. The stark contrast oflight and dark is key feature of Caravaggio

Christ is cloaked in mysterious shadow and almost unseen, summons Levi the tax collector(St. Matthew) to a higher calling.

Caravaggio developed the Baroque painting style that had tremendous influecne throught Europe

Alegory of Painting

Baroque

Vermeer

The viewer is outside the space of the action looking through the drawn curtain that separates the artist in the drawn curtain in his studio from the rest of the house and from the viewer.

Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe

Realism

Manet

Moulin de la Galette

Renoir

Impressionism

Starry Night

Van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

1889

Van Goghs "expressionist" method. Painted before his death. He represented his feelings through the with the whirling and exploding stars, and galaxies of stars. Used color to express himself forcibly the dark blue and the turbulent brus strokes, suggest a quiet but pervasive depression. THe painting is almost an abstract pattern of expressive line, shape and color.

Other artists at this time were also into post impressionism such as Paul Gauguin also painted using color as an expressive tool, however Gauguin's painting differs from Van Goghs, his paintings appear to be flatter, dissolving into abstract pattern.

Harmony in Red ( Red Room)

Fauvism

Matisse

He depicts objects in simplified and schematized fashion and flattened forms. He eliminated the front edge of the table, making the table, with its identical patterning, as flat as the wall behind it.

Matisse believed painters should choose compositions and colors that express their feelings.

Abstracting form losing space, losing modeled form

Guernica

Picasso

Cubism

Most important anti-war painting by an artist

Uses synthetic cubism and analytical cubism in this oil on canvas

Picasso used aspects of his cubist discoveries to experssive effect in Guernica, particularly fragmenation of objects and the dislocation of anatomical features. The dissections and contortions of the human form in Guernica parallel to what happened in real life. To represent the scene's severity and starkness Picasso reduced his palette to black, white and shades of grey.

Right side of the piece shows woman with her arms screaming. Left side shows a mother holding her dead child crying. Two animals are illustrated a Bull and  Horse, Horse represents the victim.

The Two Fridas

Kahlo

Surrealism

This is a double portrait of Frida Kahlo's. Represent the different sides of the artists personality, inextricably linked by the clasped hands and joined by the thing artery that stretches between them, joining their exposed hearts. The Frida on the right appears in a Tehuanna dress, the traditional costom of Zapotec. The Frida on the Left waers a European style white lace dress. The heart, depictured here in such dramatic fashion was an important symbol in the art of the Aztecs.

Andre Betane called her a surrealist. He says her work is like a ribbon wrapped around a bomb.

Jack-in-the-Pulpit 4

O’Keeffe

US Modernism

Georgia O'Keeffe  met Alfred Stiglitz when she moved to NY. When she arrived in NY she painted NY images.

She had no experience, it was very much her own work. The flower series is what became her stock. Alfred Stiglitz played a major role in promoting the Avant-garde in the US.

There is a series of Jack in the pulpit this is # 4 abstract art. She was an avant-garde painter. Reveals her interest in stripping subjects to their purest forms, and colors in order to heighten their expressive power. O'keeffe reduced the incredible details of a flower to a symphony of basic colors, shapes, textures and vital rhythms, simplifying the flowers curved planes and contours almost to a point of complete abstraction. Majority of her art work focuses on folds of flowers.

Other artists during this time period were social realists. Stiglitez was a photographer and other artists were more involved in social realism.

Number 1(Lavender Mist)

Pollock

Expressionist

Oil, enamel, and aluminum paint on canvas

Known as the artists who best exempliefies gestural abstraction. Developed his signature style in mid 1940's.

Consists of rythmic drips, splatters, and dripples of paint. Used sticks, and brushes to fling, pour, and drip paint. Created art work that was both sophisticated and choreographed. His painting technique highlights a particularly avant-garde aspect og gestural abstraction. Despite the publics skepticism about Pollocks art, other artists pursed similar avenues of experssionism. William De Kooning being one of them also developed a gestural abstraction style.

Woman 1

de Kooning

Expressionist

William de Kooning gestural abstraction. Rooted in figuration, display the sweeping gesterual brush strokes and energetic application of pigment typical of gestural abstraction. Out of the jumpled array of slashing lines and agitated patches of colors appears a ferocious looking woman with staring eyes and ponderous breasts. Koonings female forms suggest fertility figures, and a satiric inversion of traditional image of Venus.

Marilyn Diptych

Warhol

Pop Art

An early successful career as a commercial artist and illustrator grounded warhol in the sensibility and visual rhetoric of advertising and the mass media.

Warhol created Marylin Ditych in the weeks following the movie star's suicide, capitalizing on the media frenzy her death prompted. The garish colors and flat application of paint contribute to the image's masklike quality. The repitution of her face reinforces her status as a consumer product, her glamerous, haunting visage seemingly confronting the viewer endlessly.

important aspects of painting is that all images should appear the same, in this print all the images are different, none of them are the same, the pigment changes.

Other artists during this time were also into pop art, however they were into expressing it differently such as Roy Lichtenstein turned his attention to the comic book as mainstray of popular culture.

Modernism

Maya Ying Lin

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Often classified as a work of Minimalist sculpture rather than architecture, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial  was designed in 1981. The austere, simple memorial, a V-shaped wall constructed of polished black granite panels, begins at ground level, at each end, and gradually ascends to ten ft at the center of the V. Lin Set the wall into the lanscape, enhancing visitors awareness of descent as the walk along the wall towards the cnter.