Details Title: argumentation exam 1 Description: comm Total Flash Cards: 68 Created: 02/03/2009 16:43:19		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Language - English Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Argumentation Definition The cooperative activity of developing and advancing arguments of others Term Argument Definition A claim advanced with reason or reasons in its support Term Pluralistic Culture Definition A society composed of groups who see the world from different perspectives, value different activities, hold different religious beliefs, and aspire to different goals. Term Advocacy Definition The activity of promoting or opposing an idea in public settings. Term What do arguments do? Definition Justify, Persuasion, Inquiry Term Justify Definition Defending a point of view, not necessarily trying to persuade. Explanatory function. Maintains sens of being a rational person. Term Persuasion Definition Rhetorical function of arguments. Involves strategies, evidence, emotional appeals, etc. Term Inquiry Definition Investigative function. You get exposed to other ideas and you trust what you thought you already knew. Term Rule of Reason Definition The agreement to engage in the cooperative process of argumentation rather than to resolve disagreement by other means. Term Sources of agreement in argument: Definition Procedures Goals Evidence Term Procedures Definition agreement on the rules or guidelines according to which argumentation will take place Term Goals Definition Agreements about goals Term Evidence Definition agreement about evidence Term Indicator Definition Words and phrases such as because and therefore that provide important clues about the reasons and conclusions in an argument. Term Cue Definition Words and phrases that signal something other than a reason or a conclusion, and the context of an argument Term Reservation Definition A statement that acknowledges the existance of an argument, evidence, or an attitude opposing the conclusion being advanced Term Reason Definition A statement advanced for the purpose of establishing a claim Term Connective Definition Reasons that consist of beliefs, values, assumptions, or generalizations that link evidence to a conclusion. Term Conclusion Definition A claim that has been reached by a process of reasoning Term Evidence Definition A reason rooted in observation which can be shown true or false Term Fact Definition A claim that can potentially be verified as either true or false Term Value Definition Statements that advance judgements about morality, beauty, merit, or wisdom Term Policy Definition Statement that urge that an action be taken or discontinued. Term Complementary (or dependent) reasons Definition Pairs of reasons that must work together to lend support to their conclusion Term Intermediate conclusion Definition A conclusion of an argument that is then used as a reason Term Inductive Definition A process in which the conclusion of an argument is beyond its stated evidence Term Deductive Definition Arguments that lead to necessary conclusions when their reasons are true. Involves moving from general to specific cases. Term Acceptance Definition The agreement to accept the argument as presented, that is to find it persuasive, or at least lacking in any major flaw. Term Linguistic Consistency Definition The clarity of language and its use of terms in the same way throughout the argument. Term Support Definition The strength and accuracy of the argument's evidence Term Validity Definition A solid internal structure that allows for reasonable connections between evidence and conclusions in an argument. Term Consideration Definition An agreement to think about the argument further to with hold any final judgement about its quality for the time being. Term Rebuttal Definition A counter argument, a reasoned answers that addresses specific points made or evidence advanced in the original argument. Term Refutation Definition A thoroughly successful response to an argument, one that clearly demonstrates a damaging flaw to the satisfaction of a relatively objective listener or reader Term Repudiation Definition A dismissal of an argument without serious consideration Term Honesty Definition a fidelity to what is the case, a tendency not willingly mislead, and generally a regard for what is or what we take to be true. Term Courage Definition A willingness to accept the risks associated with open advocacy one's position is unpopular Term Cooperation Definition A willingness to engage the argumentative process so that just a resolution of the issues can be achieved Term Respect for persons Definition A regard for others as reasoning persons Term respect for contexts Definition Spaces, venues, and relationship in which arguments are made and heard Term Virtue Definition Personal qualities that assists us in making ethically good choices both as advocates and as audience members. Term General Criteria of any reasonable argument: Definition Support, validity, and linguistic consistency Term support Definition The strength and accuracy of the argument's evidence Term Validity Definition a solid internal structure that allows for reasonable connections between evidence and conclusions in an argument. Term Linguistic Consistency: Definition The clarity of its language and its use of terms in the same way throughout the argument. Term Accessibility Definition availability of the evidence Term Credibility Definition A reputation for accuracy and reliability Term Internal Consistency Definition The requirement that evidence must not contradict itself Term External Consistency Definition The requirement that evidence must not be sharply at odds with either the majority of evidence from other sources or with the best evidence from other sources Term Recency Definition The requirement that the evidence must be up to date and not superseded by more timely evidence Term Relevance Definition Whether the evidence advanced has any bearing on the argument's conclusion. Term adequacy Definition The evidence presented, when taken together, is sufficient to support its claim. Term Ordinary or Lay testimony Definition A report of personal observation, experience, or opinion on a topic not requiring special expertise. Term Ordinary or Lay testimony Definition A report of personal observation, experience, or opinion on a topic not requiring special expertise. Term Expert Testimony Definition The judgement or opinion or a qualified specialist in a discipline about matters relevant to that discipline Term Individual Testimony Definition Not consistent with other sources, or no other sources available. Term Concurrent Testimony Definition Testimony is consistent with other available sources of testimony on the topic. Term Biased Testimony Definition Testimony from individuals who stand to gain if what they say is accepted Term Reluctant Testimony Definition Testimony from sources who will lose something as a result of their testimony Term Conditional Statement Definition If then statement Term Antecedent Definition If clause Term Consequent Definition Then Clause Term Necessary Condition Definition A condition without which another event cannot occur. (not necessarily true) Term Sufficient Condition Definition A condition that will bring about another event Term Conditional Arguments Definition An argument built around an If then statement Term Disjunctive Argument Definition An argument that presents limited options, enumerated alternatives, or disjuncts, marked by an either or statement Term Dilemma Definition A disjunctive argument that forces a choice between limited and undesirable options Term Enumeration Definition An argument that sets out alternative explanations or options and then follows a process of elimination.