Terra Amata, 400,000 years ago (98,000 BC?), Monte Carlo (Southern France), Lower Paleolithic culture, small bands of about 15 Primitive Homonids?

-Used for short hunting forays, consecutive settlements built ontop of one another

-Oldest artificial structures of which we have evidence.

-The beginning of man-made walls distinguishing indoors from outdoors

-Oval in shape, housed about 15 people

Axial Gallery, 32,000-26,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic), Aurignaian Culture, Southwestern France

-Floor slopes sharply downward

-Depictions of animals flow with the walls, they are often depicted straddling or upsidown on the ceiling, connected to the space within the cave

Hall of the Bulls, 32,000-26,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic), Aurignaian Culture, Southwestern France

-Animal representations in profile, running along the walls as if in a procession-depiting flow and movement

-Sympathetic magic-conneted spirituality to the animal, reenacting the hunt in the safety of the cave, preparing success for themselves

Lascaux, 32,000-26,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic), Aurignaian Culture, Southwestern France

-They lived and worked in the mouth of the cave, deeper areas were used for rituals

-First evidence of cave art (which needs sensibililty, time, stability and mastery of instruments)

-Animal and Anthropormorphic representations

-They anticipated the hunt through "magic" in cave art

Shaft of the Dead Man, 32,000-26,000 BCE (Upper Paleolithic), Aurignaian Culture, Southwestern France

In the second branch of the lateral passage

-Large wounded bison with it's entrails hanging out

The hunter (with a bird head) falls backwards, gored by its horns and fatally hurt, the beast is triumphant

Skara Brae, 3100-2500 BCE, Northern Coast of Scotland, Neolithic culture?

Rubble Masonry made of native stone, about 10 houses, roofs likely made of skins

One or two structures first built and expanded upon

Organic building style, slow growth, not initially planned

Knowledge of insulation shown, earth and stone used

Carnac, 3300-4400 BCE, Northwestern France, Neolithic culture?

"Monumentalized Boundaries" stone alignments visible for a distance, an expression of both directional and rotational voci-inviting movement toward and around them

-They define boundary and spacial organization, they span openness and enclosure (The conceptual ancestor of the Classical collonade)

Locmariaquer, Around 4000 BCE, Brittany, Neolithic culture?

Dolmen (Megalithic Tomb), About 3000 BCE, Locmariaquer, France, Neolithic culture?

Cyclopean Masonry

-Social distinction in this era seems implied by the fact that monumental tombs honored the remains of some but not others

-common dead were disposed of by burning or being left to ROT

-They used to be buried under a mound of earth-not originally exposed

Ggantija (Tower of the Giants), 3600-2500 BCE, Malta, Neolithic culture?

-Megalithic Temple Complex, two temples built side by side-recalls the cave of the stone age hunter as well as the massive tombs created by this culture

-The wall widths change, the exterior shape does not match the interior

-The larger tempe was built prior to the smaller, this could be the initial emergence of types, copied design. 

-Built as a combination of megalithic and cyclopean techniques of construction

-Furnished and decorated in accordance with the needs of an intricate cult (involved animal sacrifice)

-From the drawings inside they can tell that these were used to house the sick and elderly, 

-Speaks to "chthonic" matters-the earth and its mysteries, the dead and the appeasement they require

Stonehenge, 2750-1500 BCE, Sailsbury, Neolithic Culture (Early Britons)

-Involvement with the sun and the moon, to recognize and celebrate heavenly events

-If you stand at the center of the circle on the summer solstice and face the "heel stone" to the NE you will see the sun rise a little to its left

-Included around it are "aubrey holes" that may have been used for cremation

-It is not one of a kind, it interlocks with other stone circles that were perhaps temporary gathering places for mroe ancient nomadic tribes of herdsmen.

(I don't know if we'll need all this info..but here you go!)

Stage 1. Earth Circle described by an immense compass, the earth removed from the ditch created a wall on its inner edge, its opening was aligned with the solstice sunrise. 

Stage 2. A path to the circle was made with the same dug out banks bordering it. A double ring of bluestones (from the Prescelly Mountains 300 mi away) was made with an entrance aligned with the large curcle's entrance.

Stage 3:  The blue stones are rearranged and pairs of large sarsen magaliths from nearer by were erected with curved lintels spanning each pair. A sarsen horseshoe was placed inside, also opening up to the avenue of the sunrise. The lintels were tapered to make their weight appear more sparing and lintels and posts were hollowed where they met to prevent slipping. 

Jericho, Wall created 7500 BCE,, Israel, Neolithic culture?

City created around a water source-Elisha's fountain

Multiple settlements built ontop of one another

It is defined by a large defensive wall with a tower which was intimate with a series or water cisterns which probably acted as a curtain of defense

The wall made it a closed town with fixed limits

(I don't think I got the notes on the wall...anyone?)

Khirokitia, 5500 BCE, Cyprus, Neolithic culture?

A hilltop settlement within the bend of a river

Potentially the first true street, defined the city's plan by giving them a central axis of focus

The street was made of limestone and raised considerably above groundlevel to counteract erosoin and add stability to the houses

The street was a common place, public property that all were responsible to upkeep=civic duties

No wall, therefore unrestricted growth

Stone ramps lead down to houses at regular intervals

There existed a widened platform or halting place, possibly an ancestor of the greek agora, a place for congregating

Kostoff sees this as a representation of social maturity, but it is up for debate

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Catalhoyuk, 7000 BCE, Turkey, Neolithic culture

-Trade settlement where black volcanic glass was traded, metalworking was important, a public market was present

As a result it responded to a more externalized world, being relient not only on its "hinterlands" 

-Neither an open or closed settlement, buildings grouped in tight quarters, no streets, entryways in the ceilings of structures

-Many mother-goddess/fertility statues have been found here suggesting a goddes religion practiced

-It is being excavated and reconstructed beneath this large tent-like protective strucutre

Prehistoric tomb made of large upright stones, capped with a horizontal stone and originally buried under an earth mound

These structures reserved for persons of high status

Locmariaquer

A prehistoric monument in the form of a single, large, upright stone

Carnac, Locmariaquer

Built of huge, irregular stones, utilizing an interlocking system wihtout the use of mortar or cement

Stonehenge, Locmariaquer, Carnac, Dolmens 

The longest day of the year, June 20 or 21st

On the morning of the Summer Solstice one looking in the direction of the sunrise will see it rise directly to the left of the heel stone at stonehenge

A large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument alone or together with other stones. Were raised to mark open land in the post-glacial landscape.

Stonehenge, Locmariaquer, Carnac, Dolmens 

Lower 2.5 million-100,000  years ago

Primitive homonid forms existed. Tools were used and temporary structures created.

Upper-35,000-10,000 years ago

Emergence of High culture (behavioral modernity)

Aurignacian Culture

Ionic Order

A spiral or scroll-like shape

(Ionic column capitals)

The upper town or elevated strong hold of an ancient Greek City, containing the chief temples.

(Athens)