Prokaryotes

1. Cell Type: Prokaryotic - No nuclues (DNA is free)
2. Cell Number: Always Unicellular
3. Structure: Always cell wall (bacteria have peptidoglycan, archea have no peptidoglyan)
4. Other: Include 2 domains: Bacteria and Archea

Eukaryotes

1. Cell Type: Eukaryotic - Nucleus (DNA is enclosed)
2. Cell Number: Unicellular (Protists) or Multicellular (Protists, Animals, Plants, and Fungi)
3. Structure: Cell Wall (Plants, Fungi) or No Cell Wall (Protists, Animals)
4. Other: Include 4 Domains: Protists, Animals, Plants, Fungi

What are 4 characteristics of domain Archea?

1. Structure:No peptidoglycan in cell walls
2. Other:
• Includes 1 kingdom - Archeabacteria
• DNA in genes is more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria
• Live in harsh environments

1. Methanogens (methane gas producing)
2. Halophiles ("halo" salt + "phile" loving)
3. Thermophiles ("thermo" heat + "phile" loving)

What are 4 characteristics of "Halophiles?"

(name, live, energy, other)

1. Name Means: Salt-Loving
2. Live: Living in salt lakes (Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea)
3. Food/Energy: Autotrophs   (Photosynthetic)
4. Other: Purple cells because pigment called bacteriorhodopsin absorbs (captures) all colors of light but transmits (gives up) purple.

What are 5 chacteristics of Thermophiles?

(name, live, energy, other)

1. Name Means: Therm(heat)-Loving
2. Live: Hot springs and thermal vents
3. Food/Energy: Anaerobic=Don’t use oxygen
4. Other: contain genes for heat-stable enzymes 
1. An example is taq polymerase, found in Thermus aquaticus in Yellowstone hot springs
2. Taq polymerase is used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample. 
3. Year sales of taq polymerase half billion $

What are the 4 characteristics of Methanogens?

(name, live, energy, other)

1. Name Means: make methane (natural gas) as waste
2. Live: swamp sediments, sewage, buried landfills
3. Other: Bioremediation in landfills

1. Rapid Growth
2. Rapid Reproduction
3. Rapid Mutation Rates
4. Live under harsh conditions
5. 3.5 billion year-old bacteria-like fossils found

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? 

What are 2 kinds of autrophs?

1. Autotrophs can create their own food (energy) while hetertrophs get their food (energy) from eating other organisms.
2. Two Types of Autotrophs:
1. Photosynthetic: Use sun's energy to create their own food
2. Chemosynthetic: Use chemical energy in inorganic (no carbon) compounds by breaking down

How do heterotrophic bacteria get their food (energy)?

What are two types of heterotrophic bacteria?

1. Break down organic (contain carbon) compounds
2. Two Types:
1. Saprobes: Bacteria that live off dead/decaying material and organic waste
2. Parasites: Bacteria that live off living organisms (absorb their nutrients)

What are 5 characteristics of Eubacteria (domain Bacteria)?

(cell type, cell number, structure, other)

1. Cell Type: Prokaryotes
2. Cell Number: Unicellular
3. Structure:
1. No organelles (cell machines)
2. Cell Membrane (inside) 
3. Cell Wall (outside, has peptidoglycan)

A. Slime Layer

B. Cell Wall

C. Cell Membrane

D. Cytoplasm (gelly-like insides)

E. *Plasmid  

F. Flagellum (tail for movement)

G. ?

H. Ribozome (machine that makes proteins)

I. Pili 

J. DNA (not enclosed in nucleus!)

1. Gram + (postive) Bacteria: 
1. (cell walls have THICK peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acid) = STAIN PURPLE
2. Gram - (negative)  Bacteria: 
1. (cell walls have THIN peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccarides with NO technoic acid) = STAIN PINK

Bacteria are described by their shape.

1. Bacilli = Rod Shaped
2. Cocci = Spherical Shaped
3. Spirilla = Spiral Shaped

1. Yellow (Spirilla - because spiral shaped)
2. Green (Bacilli - because rod shaped)
3. Orange (Cocci - because spherical shaped)

1. Copy (Replicate) DNA (exists as a chromosome)
2. New cell continues growing
3. Cells split, two identical cells!

1. Sexually by conjugation
2. Asexually by binnary fission

NO!

• Bad bacteria cause disease.
• Good bacteria too! 
• Antibiotic - fight off bad bacteria, help you get better
• Nitrogen-Fixing - convert gaseous nitrogen to nitogen plants can use
• Saphrobes - break down dead stuff
• *Add flavor to yogurt and sourdough bread!
• *The base of the food web

Special bactiera called "cyanobacteria" which are photosynthetic (use sun's energy to create food (sugar) and oxygen)

*They are green, like plants

1. Cell Type: Prokayotic
2. Cell Number: Unicellular
3. Food/Energy: Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
4. Oxygen Intake: Anerobes (don't need oxygen) and Aerobes (do need oxygen)
5. Structure: 
1. Cell Wall (with peptidoglycan)
2. Circular DNA structures called Plasmids
6. Other: Live everywhere!