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| Last Glacial Interstadial |
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| Dryas III (Younger dryas) |
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| Earliest Near Eastern Domestication |
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| An excavated pit, or mound of stones used to store and/or hide food or tools. |
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| A region of the Middle East arching across the northern part of the Syrian Desert and extending from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Phoenicia, Assyria, and Babylonia developed in this area, which was also the site of numerous migrations and invasions. |
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| Wheat, barley, flax, lentils, sheep, goat, cattle, pig |
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| Rice, beans, chicken, waterbuffalo |
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| Millets, sorghum, cattle(?) |
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| yams, palm oil, ground nuts, okra, sesame |
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| coffee(?), teff, entsete (false banana), noog |
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| (secondary area of domestication) rye |
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| Maize, beans, squash, chile, tomato, tobacco, turkey |
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| quinoa, potato, llama, alpaca, guinea pig |
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| (failed HoD) various chenopods and amaranth plants |
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12,500BP (11,800 - 12,000 BC)
Paleoindian site
The most convincing evidence for pre-Clovis human occupation in the Americas. Area covered in peat bog so that stone, bone, and wood artifacts were found. Excavated rows of rectangular houses with connecting walls. Clay-lined hearth, skin-covered homes, wood mortars, large amounts of vegetable goods, mastodone bones. Emphasis on wood tools instead of bone. |
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| Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA |
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10,000 (perhaps 14,000) BC to 1300 AD
Paleoindian site
Site that has been claimed to have evidence for late Wisconsin settlement. Located near permanent water supple. 11 level rock shelter was dated to more than 70 radiocarbon dates |
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11,500 BP
Paleoindian Site
Clovis people campground, a natural arroyo trap where people could drive large animals into swampy ground. hunted mammoth, bison, camel, and deer. |
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11,000 years ago
Paleoindian site
Clovis people campground where many bison and mammoth were killed. 11 bison were killed there, enough to feed 50 - 100 people, perhaps fewer. Also distinctive Clovis projectile points and tools were found among the bones. |
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12,000 to 9,000 years ago
Paleoindian Site
Site where an extinct species of bison bones were found amongst Folsom points, showing that humans inhabited the area when the bison did |
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| Natufian Culture, Near East (Levant) |
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13,000 – 11,000 BP
Had a more complex hunting and foraging strategy. Exploited wild emmer, barley, acorn, almond, and pistachio. They had subsistence strategies that the encourage sedentary life, having settlements areas averaging about 7500 sq ft. Example of Ecotone culture, settlements were placed strategically so the settlement could use crops in many different seasons. Domesticated dog, lot of hunter gathering behavior semi subterranean housing, plaster masks for dead |
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10,500 - 300 BC
Ceramics! As early as 10,500 BC they created clay vessels to steam mollusks and vegetables. Big Shell Middens (“heap of trash”). Developed pottery early, but didn't need it, hunter gathering. Very sedentary culture. By 5,000 BC some of the Jomon people had elaborate material culture. |
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| Qadan Culture, Sudan (Jebel Sahaba) |
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10,000 BC
Near Egypt and well known for tools found on the riverside of the Nile. Bones found in graves had small stone tools embedded in the bones, perhaps life along the Nile had common wars. Hunting and fishing very important, though also had grinding stones for grains. |
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| Cochise Culture, West USA |
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10,000 BC - later
Gathered many plants foods; yucca seeds, cacti, and sunflower seeds. Used milling stones, basketry, nets, and spear-throwers. |
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AD 500 - 1450
Long thought to have originated from the Cochise culture. Major Hohokam settlement is Snaketown. Agriculture: maize, beans, cucurbits, and cotton. Planted crops to coincide rainfall and flooding patterns. Also used irrigation. Extensive traders with other cultures. |
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c. 300 BC - AD 1000
Archaic roots. Material culture: milling stones, digging sticks, bows and arrows, fine baskets, and red-on-brown pottery. Agriculture and hunting gathering were important, limited use of irrigation. |
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| Site with 1600 rooms and housed more than 2400 people. This site is also great evidence of trading between settlements. |
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7,000 BP
Site of Agriculture
Very permanent settlement, hunting and gathering not as important. 80% of the villagers food came from crops or herds. had clay tokens, evidence of recording system and trade. 25 mud homes organized with alleys and courtyards, with storage bins and clay ovens. Had sickle blades and grinding stones. Braidwood, evidence of agriculture, older than Jericho grew and early domesticates, flannery |
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| Catalhoyuk & Cayonu, Turkey |
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8000 BP (Book: 7300 - 6200 BC)
Village covers 32 acres and the village was rebuilt ~12 times. Flourishing artistic tradition with roots to cave paintings. Paintings divulge religion, family, male and female duality. Had a monopoly on obsidian volcanic glass that they traded. |
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| Stable isotope (c, n) analysis of diet |
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| Nitrogen shows meat carbon in plant material, shows higher people eat meat and lesser eat vegetables |
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| Post-Pleistocene Adaptations |
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| domestication of plants, fishing, shell fishing, minnows show semi-permanent and also over fishing |
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| Edipaleothic (Near East N. Africa) |
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| starting to develop agriculture |
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| Large graves see this in Scandinavia, starting to see fish, cemetery show this is my land and a tie to land in general. i.e. Star Carr |
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| big bison, corresponds to mesolithic in old world |
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| rock art, shows the wet that is now desert Sahara |
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8000 - 5000 BP
bunch of monsoons come in and make it lush and people move in and then leave |
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| Fertile and did not need agriculture to become sedentary, mouths of rivers coast etc. |
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| obvious, and leads to pottery |
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| scribe status in sedentary and complex, scribe status is passed down. Hunter gatherers had some |
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| know because of us we brought what we want and liked and we modified |
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| Star Carr. Tells us modifies surroundings, and makes room for crops. |
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| Subsistence Intensification |
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| we use other technologies, putting more effort into land to get more of what you get out, plow, slash and burn, irrigation, tiers |
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branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
"disease, but animals give food" |
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idea that people look at animals and plants from this agriculture develops doesn't work for south west
(V.G Childe) |
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some people argue population before agriculture or agriculture led to population also say two population booms before and after
(L.R. Binford & M.N. Cohen) |
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Humans with plants and animals are being domesticated
(D. Rindoes & B. Smith) |
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wasn't exclusively for agriculture but explained nicely: idea of multiple things change, hunting didn't work so they developed agriculture
(Kent Flannery) |
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| in CO2 cause plants to go crazy |
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| Agriculture Advantage / Disadvantage |
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| stability, creates more violence, causes more food, dependence on crops, division of labor, disease because people are closer, soil degradation more people, diet less diverse |
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| big rock (stone henge), marking it as theirs, religion seasons. Mounds trash heaps, burial, Cahokia |
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| storage, boats, navigation |
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| Chaco canyon roads: trade, lunar alignments, ritualistic |
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| after 10000 BC people become sedentary |
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| American Terminal Pleistocene Extinctions |
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| Mammoth, Mastodon, Mylodon (giant sloth), Camel, Horse |
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| Archaic Red Paint Culture, NE USA |
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| burials with red paint, really nice burials indicate status, semi-sedentarianism |
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| Evidence that humans over fished because larger shell fish at bottom then small at top |
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| Danube Iron Gates Gorge, Lepenski Vir (Serbia) |
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| Marshy so we saw awesome preservation |
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| Avebury and Stonehenge, England |
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| Know England and megalithic |
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| So. American Fish Tail Point Paleoindian |
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| time wise tells us its some of earliest, don't know how they got here so early, (ideas are little boats along corridor, across pacific and ice free corridor) |
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| Know its in Illinois, woodland, archaic |
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| Formed by glacier, dried up |
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| Alaska, land bridge, where people came across |
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| Richard McNiece, agriculture |
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| irrigation, intensification |
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| Guila Naquitz, Valley of Oaxaca |
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Excellent preservation, what they grew and early domesticates, flannery
R. McNeish argued the hypothetic that corn was brought into domestication here |
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