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Arch 100 - Midterm # 1
Week 1 - 6
93
Archaeology
Undergraduate 1
10/14/2007

Additional Archaeology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Beginning 11,000 years ago, why did large game hunting begin to decline?
Definition
Certain large animal species started to become exticnct.
Term
How was the enviroment at the end of the Pleistocene?     
Definition
Wamer climatc conditions
Term
What is the Mesolithic? (aka - middle stone age)
Definition
The period between the end of the Pleistocene and the beginnings of agriclture in Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia
Term
The late stone age is used to describe..?
Definition
the artifacts and encampments of Holocene hunter - gatherers in South and East Africa.
Term
In Japan, the period between the bigginning of the Holocene an the introduction of rice cultivation is known as ?     
Definition
Jomon
Term
The period between 6000 and 1000 bc in North America is known as?
Definition
The Archaic
Term
What happened to the sea levels at the end of the Pleistocene?
Definition
Inceased temperatures melted continental ince sheets and caued sea levels to rise.
Term
During the maximum cold period( in Pleistocone), sea levels were up to ___ feet below present levels?
Definition
400
Term
Name an example of change that occured to Animals and plants when the tempature changed near the end of the Pliestocene.
Definition

- Deciduous forest spread throughout most of westren Europe

- large herds such as reindeers, horses disappeared from Europe and were replaced by the more recent species of European mammals (which adapated to the forest) 

Term
Why is Vedbaek (near CopenHagen, Denmark) considered an important archaeological site?  
Definition

7000 years ago, shift in social arrangements

- settlements becaome more permanent and societes developed along the coastlines

-  starting eating more fish(marine life)

- found grave sites, with goods and some show evidence of violent deaths 

Term
One method of determinng what humans ate in the past is?  
Definition

chemical analysis of human bone

  -ei. Carbon 13 is common in terrestial plants sch as corn, people who eat corn have higher ratios of carbon isotopes in their bones 

Term
How was it determined that humans at Vedbaek ate alot of marine food  
Definition
Chemical bone analysis
Term
What changed about how humans got their food at the end of the PliestoCene?
Definition
the produce it instead of collecting
Term
Name five animals that domesticated early?
Definition

- dog, pig, sheep, goats, cattle

Term
What did the Jomon people eat primarly during it beginning?
Definition
Marine and plant food
Term
Nittano, a fairly typical ___ communtiy was found along the ______?
Definition
fishing , coast
Term
What did the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1979 provide?
Definition
protection of archaeological resources located on public lands and Indian Lands
Term
Archaeologoical remains include any metrial remains of interest that are at leat ___ years old?
Definition
100
Term
Occupants of the Carrier Mills area used the rivr, lakes nad swamps for ______ resoures and exploited the uplands behind the settlement for ___
Definition
aquatic , deer
Term
What are Cereals and what are they best known for?
Definition

- grasses that produce large hard shelled seeds (carbs -- can be stored)

- it is the best known early domesticates.

 

Term
Why is it hard to find if root crops were domesticated?
Definition
Because they are asexual, difficult to tell different between ancestors.
Term
Where did agriculture first show up in the New Worlld
Definition
Mexico, Northwestren South America and Eastern North America
Term
What is the Oasis Hypothesis and what are its implications?
Definition

suggests that plants, animals and humans would have clustered in confined areas near water

- it was wetter at the end of the Pliestocene 

Term
What is the natural Habitat(Hill Flanks) hypothesis, invented by Robert Braidwood? and implications?
Definition

- earliest domesticates should appear where their wild ancestors lived

- rich enviorment and increased populations.

- Imp: maybe cause technology was ready then (end of pliestocene) 

Term
What is the population pressure hypothesis, introduced by Lewis Binford?
Definition

human groups would not become farmers unless they had no other choice.

- increasing population, ---> domestication

Term
What is the edge hypothesis ?
Definition
where animals occuped , humas lived, so they needed food
Term
What is the social hypothesis/  
Definition
based on the argument that the transition to farming, food storage, and surplus could not be undestood simply of terms of enviroment and population. = social inequaliy
Term
What is wrong with a lot of theories of why humans began to farm?
Definition

- human pop wasnt large prior to agriculutre

- some plants in other areas were not cultivated

- no climate crisis that led people to water 

Term
What is discussion about Southwest Asia discussed alot?
Definition

- earliest plant domestication

- readliy info from excavations

 

Term
What is Natufian?
Definition
Period just before agriculture ( 11,000 - 9000 B.C)
Term
What was so spcial about the Natufian site of Ain Mallaha?
Definition

lied beside a natural spring, earliest villages

  tons of artifacts 

Term
What is special about Abu Hureyra?
Definition
larget early postglacial communtites in Southwest Asia
Term
What is the difference between states and Chiefdoms
Definition
- states usually have full time specialtist in things like crafst, bureaccray, relgion
Term
What types of Bureaucracy do States have?
Definition

- Codified laws

- taxation

- centralized miltary speciailts 

Term
Name three powers in States
Definition

Ecnonomic: control of resources

Ideologial: Control of symbols, religion , ceremonies

Polital: Control of people and institution

 

Back all this up with force, police 

Term
What is the irragation hypothesis?
Definition

Karl Wittfogel,

- growing population creates need to irrigate large tracts of land

- large irrigations systems led to permanent bureucracy, rest of state org. grew from this 

Term
What is the problem with the Irrigation Hypothesis?
Definition
Early stages of communties began by riverine areas that need minimal irragation, only after expansion did they begin
Term
What is the Coercive Theory?  
Definition

Robert Carneiro

- since land was taken up due to large population, warfare begun. Eventually a leader arised taking over. State was born 

Term
What is a problem with the Coercive Theory?
Definition
research in Peru shows a wide variety of levels of social complexity at diff time periods
Term
Instead of looking at "prime movers" what should we look at to why state's were formed?
Definition
look at interaction between many factors.. ei  contol of trade items, subsistence devolopments
Term
Where was Mesopotamia?
Definition
Alluvial plain between Tigris and Eurphrates Rivers in Iran and Iraq
Term
What does Mesopotamia mean in greek
Definition
land between the rivers
Term
What as North, west, south east of mesopotamia?
Definition

North - Akkad

South - sumer

East - Zagros

West - Syrian Dessert 

Term
When was the Ubaid Period?
Definition
5300 - 3600 BC
Term
When was Uruk Period?
Definition
3600 - 3100 BC
Term
When was the Sumerians ( Early Dyastic Period)
Definition
3000 - 2300 BC
Term
How was the jewellary and architeteture of the Ubaid Period?
Definition

Not much wealth(jewellery) until en of Ubaid, most people lived in farming villages

- arch - mud brick  with reed rofing 

Term
When was Eridu found and were is it now?
Definition
found 5400 BC and iraq
Term
What was special about Eridu's temples?
Definition
They were rebuilt on top of each other over 1000 years
Term
What are ziggurats?
Definition
large stepped temple mound in Mesopotamia, centre of urban life
Term
How did the Sumerians saw Eridu?
Definition
saw it as a sacred ancient place - "the earliest city"
Term
Urban centers during the Uruk Period were still quite small? T or F
Definition
F, First devolopment of large urban centres
Term
What is so special about the city of Uruk
Definition

large settlement at time

- 50000 ppl, 250 hectare urban area

- social hierachy, people of diff classes 

Term
What was in the middle of the city of Uruk?
Definition
White temple, sky god(anu) , shows how cnetral religion was important
Term
Secular leaders, (none religious) emerged from religious leaders in Uruk? T or F
Definition
T
Term
What invention helped pottery in the Uruk Period?
Definition
potters wheel and moulds, mass production
Term
How culd humans mark ownership when send material in Uruk era?
Definition
using  cylinder seals.
Term
Sumer was made up of how many autonomous city states?
Definition
10 - 13 including Ur
Term
What did each Sumerian city state have?
Definition
- a governer and council of citizen
Term
Did Sumerian city states ever untie?
Definition
Once in a while a strong leader would unite a few but never all
Term
What metals were introduced during the Sumerian age that induced warfare?
Definition
bronze tin copper excellent for weapons tools and chairots
Term
Who watched over trades?
Definition
temples, as well no money involved just barter goods
Term
The most important Sumarian city was? What about their burials?
Definition
Ur. included 2500 burials only 20 of which were royal (2800 bc)
Term
How did Sumerians see the after life?
Definition
Unpleasant, so they shipped them with gifts and items for the lords of the underworld
Term
Give an example of social inequity in Sumer
Definition
Human sacrifce, voluntarily entered tombs, took posion
Term
What is the olderst know form of writing?
Definition

Sumerian Cuneiform, used in Southwest Asia fr 2000 yars after Sumerians were gone

- ideas came from Uruk Cylinder seals, and now they were writing on clay tablets

Term
What was Cuneiform used for?
Definition

admistration and trade document

- very small population was litarate 

Term
Who were Sumarians conquered by and when?
Definition
Conquered by the Akkadians in the north, 2334 BC
Term

Name the dates it ruled:

Ubaid

Uruk

Sumerians 

Definition

Ubaid - 5300-3600

Uruk - 3600 - 3100

Sumerians 3200 - 2300 BC 

Term
What does Andrea do?
Definition

Paleoenthnobotanist

 

Term
What is Neolithic? what is it aka
Definition
The period of time of early farmers with domesticated plants and animals, polished stone tools, permanent villages, and often pottery (The new stone age)
Term
What is domestication
Definition

dependent on humans to survive;  go through a morphological change

Term
The same plants and animals that the Neolithics survivied on are quite similair to the ones today. T or F
Definition
T
Term

Name two plants domesticated in the following:

Southwest Asia, Far East, Africa, Americcas 

Definition

S:  Wheats and barely

FE: rice and millet

Africa: millet and sorghum

Americas : maize and beans 

Term
What is  the Sunflower effect (aka apical dominance)
Definition
Where you control which way the buds and leaves grow due to selective picking/harvesting
Term
What Docility and does it have to do with Domestication?
Definition
- ready to be taught, easily mangaged. Animals or plants must be docile and able to withstand crowding.
.
Term
What is the Origin Theories?
Definition
Theories that explain why people started domestication, eit Disease, drought, climate change?
Term
What is the Social Models  
Definition
trade increased pressre for more agriclutre
Term
What is Co-evolution,mutualism, and Symbiosis?
Definition

interactions between organisms can produce both conflict and co-operation.

ei Humans and Plants 

- M: where both organisms benifit off each other

 - S: the living together of unlike organisms

Term
Give four reasons for instability in the Neolithic
Definition

- climate

- less species

pathogens (disease agents)

- not enough land 

Term
Where is Natufian? and when did it reign
Definition
In southwest asia, 11000 - 8500 BC
Term
How did Jericho begin?
Definition
Started as Natufian oasis camp around 10000 BC
Term

Bee hive Neolithic huts appear after ?

Definition
8500BC
Term
Wall and ditch with tower appreaded when?
Definition
8000 BC
Term
Where is 'Ain Ghazal?
Definition
outside Amman, Jordan
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