First temple was built by Solomon (Solomons Temple), the son of David, and was destroyed by the Babylonians in in 586 BCE. 

Second Temple (Herrods Temple) built in 516 BCE and destroyed by Romans. 

Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary- where Muhammad ascended to heaven

Jewish tradition maintains the third temple will be built here

Since 1967 both Israel and Palestine claim sovereignty over the land

Muslim shrine located on top of the temple mount. The rock is the spot Muhammad ascended into heaven.

The Foundation stone located inside the Dome of the Rock is the holiest site in Judiasm. Jews face it while praying.

Meaning Islamic Empire

Umayyad Empire(Sunni) 661-750 - Sunni Shiite Split

Abbasid Dynasty(Sunni) 750-1250

Fatimids (Shiite) 969-1171

Head of Caliphate (Islamic State)

Sunni- Chosen by election or community consensus: followers of Muhammed- Abu Bakr

Shiite- Genetic Liniage - Supporters of Ali

Islamic Empire

1516-1517: Defeated Mukluks conquered most of middle east

1453: Conquered Constantinople which is current day Istanbul

Reforms that attempted to integrate non-turks and non-muslims more throughly into Ottoman society by enhancing civil liberties and grating them equality. 

Palestine: Land reforms allowing jews to buy land

Nation-based state / People based state (East)

-Linguistic, ethnic, or shared territory

Citizen Based States (West)

-A Frenchman with a jewish religion vs. a jew living in france

-Failed

Developed by Simon Dubnov

Autonomism over culture

Belife in the viability of jewish culture in dispora as long as jewery continues to maintain self rule in community organizations

Jewish Political party

Solution to Jewish inequality - movement to reestablish a jewish nation in Palestine

First Zionist Congress met in Switzerland with delegates from all over the world. 

Defined objective of Zionism: To create a jewish home in palestine secured by public law

Pinkser: There is no cure for anti-semitism

Afraid of jewish ghosts --> Lack an identity, they seem dead

Love of Zion (Pinkser was president): Forerunner of Zionism, promote Jewish immigration to Israel, based on agriculture, stayed away from politics 

Zionist leader

Wrote The Jewish State

Leo Pinsker: Wrote Auto-Emancipation

Theodor Herzl

Pamphlet written by Pinsker in response to the euro riot / massacres of jews

Jews will never be socially equal until they have their own state

Spiritual / Cultural Zionism

Asher Ginsberg

Asher Ginsberg - Zionism as a spiritual-cultural movement. 

Gradual build up of Palestine by both colonization and cultural activity to increase sense of belonging

Warned against the Arab question (Palestine being a land with out people)

Modern wave of Jewish immigrants to Palestine

Second Aliya - 40,000 - 1904-14

Zionist Critique- Yitzhak Epstein

The Hidden Question / The Arab Question

The iron wall

Was a Palestinian

The arab like every man is tied to native land with a strong bond...cant just kick them out

Need to build relations with the native arab population 

Arab population was not recognized by Zionist movement 

Little unified opposition to J immigration

Peasant opposition subsided when peasants realized that J landowners would maintain tradition of letting them work the land

-Arab Nation

-Seperate religious and civil power

-From Tigres and Euphrates to Suez Isthmus and from the Med sea to Arabian Sean

-Constitutional Sultanate: freedom of all religions and equality of all citizens before law

-Respect interest of Europe

-Universal religious caliphate over the whole of Islam 

Al-Karmil (news paper)

opposed zionist colonization 

shaped palestinian national consciousness 

Hussein-McMahon Correspondence

Hussein- Saudi Arabia

McMahon- British stationed in Egypt

-Determine boundaries for an arab territories

-Unite arabs to help fight the germans and turks

dispute of allepo and beirute because of france

-Disagreement over the word vilyat - Palestine was excluded from agreement

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Skyes: Arabist, member of British Parliament 

Picot: Diplomat for France

-Secret agreement

-Divide the Levant and Iraq area into zone

-Exercise direct or indirect influence

-Palestine would be placed under international administration

-Contradicted Hussein-McMahon correspondence

-Sharif of Mecca

-Initiated Arab revolt in 1916 against Ottomans

-Lead by Hussien

-Pushed into syria

-Laurence of Arabia (British)

-Pushed from egypt into palestine

Chaim Weizman

President of the World Zionist Org

Chemist

Arab-Jewish cooperation on the development of a jewish homeland in Palestine

Informal agreement where Feisal would support dense Jewish settlement while the Zionists would assist in the development of a vast Arab nation

-British gov. viewed with favor the establishment in palestine of a national home for J ppl

-Nothing should be done to prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-J communities

-Ambiguous 

-First was king of syria (expelled by the french)

-Lived in London; became of Iraq

-Proponent of pan-arabism 

-zionists control palistine if arabs recieve a state

-Loyalty to village/town/city

-Ruled by 1 or 2 families

-Tanzimat reforms, consider yourself loyal to ottoman empire

-All subjects equal before law

-Secular organizations and policies were applied in education, military; regardless of religion

-Counter Pan-Arabism and Tanzimate reforms

-All Muslims should unite under the Caliphate

-Enemies of the cresent and the cross

-creates a strong sense of identity as a religious land in contradiction to the Jews, they are the outsiders

-Response to Zionism: Identity existed prior to Zionism but Zionism accelerated the development

-Founded as a result of Paris Peace Conference

-Maintain world peace

-Failed

-Southern Syria (Palestine) under direct British Rule

-Transjordan (S.A.) under Hashimite rule

-Control them until they can stand alone

Annual quotas put in place to limit the number of Jewish immigrants, Jews possessing large sums of money could enter freely 

-Bring Jewish population to 1/3rd of total population

-First Prime minister of Israel

-Restraint against attacks by Arabs (Havlagah)

-Supported partitioning arab and jewish state

-Occurred during secular, civic, and religious holidays

-During British Mandate rule of Palestine

-Selected Grand Mufti of Palestine

-Least popular yet selected, balance power between tribes

-Wanted Arab state; opposed zionism

-Elected president of Supreme Muslim Council

-Mayor of Jersualem

-Political rivals of al-Husanyi clan

-Politically moderate compared to al-Husanyi

-Accepted white paper

-Jewish militia during Palestine British Mandate

-Later became IDF

-Clairfied how Britain viewed the Balfour D.

-Jews can have a home in palestine and increase numbers through immigration

-Connot be so great in volume to exceed economic capicty

-Anti-Zionist

-Greatly limited the number of J immigrants

-Zionist policies damaged economic development of Arab economies

-Independence Party

-mass resistance against the Zionist Organization

-Revolted against the British and Zionists

-Rocket named after him

-Result of Arab Revolt of 36-39'

Finding: Jews developed land after purchase

Reccomendation: Abbolish mandate except for corridore around Jersalem 

-75k J immigrants over a 5 year period

-With 450k Jews, Palestine converted into a jewish state against the arab will

-transfer of land must be restricted between J and A

-J Immigration will be limited by economic absorbative capacity

-Hosted Royalty

-Blown up by militant Zionist group Irgun

11 neutral nations to investigate and draw up recomendations

Arabs recieve 4,300 square miles of less fertile hill country 

Jews recieve 5,700 square miles, Jews were denied Jerusalem and Hebron (international enclave containing 100,000 jews and 105,000 non jews)

Jewish Agency welcomed it

Arabs rejected it

Two essential requirements: sovereignty and uninterrupted immigration

Small village outside of Jerusalem

A group of 132 Begin's Irgun and the Stern Gang attacked the village.

254 men women and children were murdered

Arabs believe that Deir Yassin was part of the terrorism campaign by the Haganah to encourage the arab population to leave their villages and homes

Begin said it was in retaliation to the king david hotel bombing

Arab retaliation to Deir Yassin

Convoy of Jewish doctors and nurses

27 were killed

May 14 – Israel established, recognized by US

 the day before the british mandate was due to expire

"the catastrophe"

Local mayors, judges, and communal and religious officials fled leaving the Arab townspeople, villagers, and peasants helpless.

Palestinian Regugees

1875 – British purchase 44% of the shares of Suez Canal Company

1956, 26 July – Nasser nationalizes Suez Canal Company- in response to the Americans on the Aswan High Damn project

1949 – February – Egypt signs armistice (not peace agreement) with Israel

Between Israel and neighboring Egypt, lebanon,jordan, and syria. The agreements ended the official hostilities of the 1948 arab-israeli war, and established armistice lines between Israeli forces and the forces in Jordanian-held Westbank 

Tasked with unseating the Egyptian Monarch. Led the 1952 revolution.

Founded by Gamal Abdel Nasser

First president of egypt after revolution

King of jordan

March 1956 Dismisses General Glubb from leadership of Arab Legion

Secret talks with israel

FAILED AND WAS DISCOVERED

----

plans to plant bombs inside Egyptian,American and British- owned targets. The attacks were to be blamed on theMuslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Communists, "unspecified malcontents" or "local nationalists" with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to induce the British government to retain its occupying troops in Egypt's Suez Canal zone

1956 29 October - Israel invades Sinai Peninsula

Israeli forces, aided by Britain, and France  (Tripartite Aggression, which sought to reverse the nationalisation and regain control over the Suez Canal), invaded Sinai and occupied much of the peninsula within a few days. Several months later Israel withdrew its forces from Sinai, following strong pressure from the United States, and the Soviet Union

 Stationed in Sinai to prevent any military occupation of the Sinai.

Egypt reinforced its military presence in Sinai, renewed the prohibition of Israeli shipping using Egyptian territorial waters, and on 16 May ordered the UNEF out of Sinai with immediate effect.

UNEF was stationed here until the 1967 6 day war

remained under Israeli control until 1982

pan-Arabism

1958 Syria joined Egypt

pro-West Monarchy overthrown in Iraq.

Civil war in Lebanon, US marines called in

British troops in Jordan to support king

Nasser announces drastic nationalization decrees affecting 90% of industry

Syria Withdrawls from UAR

Enthusiastic about the Eisenhower Doctrine (Zionism, not communisim, was considered the enemy). 

Christian President Chamille Chamoun despised Nasser and was disturbed by growing Egyptian and Communist influence

Chamoun runs for second term in violation of constitution and anti-Chamoun and pro-Nasserist groups are formed to set off a brief civil war in 1958

Chamoun seeks American help, troops land, stablize region.

Chamoun resigns at the end of his term

Marines leave Lebenon

Eisenhower Doctrin is repudiated by new lebanese gov.

1964 – First Arab summit PLO founded under Ahmad Shuqayri.

Created in an attempt to control guerillas

al-Fatah emerged as most imp group within PLO

Founded and led the Revisionist Zionists in 1925

Never accepted the first partition of Palestine in 1921 and explicitly demanded a jewish state, not merely a homeland, on both sides of the Jordan river. 

Sought a political entity with an army and all other trappings of national life

Viewed the Jewish Agency as accommodationists

state of israel with palestine territories and transjordan

Holy Places (especially Old City of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Mt. Sinai)

Israel against Egypt Jordan and Syria

Israel took effective control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. 

walled area with in modern Jerusalem

contains temple mount and wester wall for jews

church of the holy sepulchre for christians

dome of the rock and al-aqsa mosque for muslims

Second holies city for judaism 

largest city in west bank

Khartoum Conference

 issued at the conclusion of an Arab League summit in the wake of the Six-Day War. The resolution, which formed a basis of the policies of these governments toward Israel until the 1973 Yom Kippur War

"no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it"

 unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967, in the aftermath of the Six Day War.

The resolution deals with five principles; withdrawal of Israeli forces, 'peace within secure and recognized boundaries', freedom of navigation, a just settlement of the refugee problem and security measures including demilitarized zones.

1967 he induced the Israeli government to approve the building of settlements in the West Bank and Gaza and sent his students to that mission

did not advocate aggressive conquest

 1967 to 1970 

only military initiative would compel Israel or the international community to force a full Israeli withdrawal from Sinai

action or process of gradually reducing the strength or effectiveness of someone or something through sustained attack or pressure.

Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in 1970.

In 1971 Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders.

1973 

began when the coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day inJudaism, which coincided with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Israeli-held Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured and occupied since the 1967 Six-Day War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union, initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the warsuccessful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal during the first three days, after which they dug in, settling into a stalemate. The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains against the greatly outnumbered Israelis. Within a week, Israel recovered and launched a four-day counter-offensive, driving deep into Syria.

 Jimmy Carter elected US President, November 1976 Endorses Palestinian ‘homeland’ (later shifts to ‘entity’)

1979 peace treaty between israel and egypt

Likud, meaning "Consolidation", as it represented the consolidation of the right-wing in Israel

coalition of its factions led by Menachem Begin's Herut (former leader of Irgun)

Menachem Begin

Founder of Likud Party

First Prime minister

Yitzhak Shamir

Stern Gang

PM of Israel

Likud party

Part of the camp david accords and involved in the egypt israeli treaty

Camp David Accords

 led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty

 signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin

negotiated by jimmy carter

Israeli Knesset/Parliament

Peace Treaty signed between Egypt and Israel (March 1979)

Arab League

"draw closer the relations between member States and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries

Egypt expelled from Arab League and Islamic Conference

largest faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization

 In Palestinian politics it is on the left-wing of the spectrum; it is mainly nationalist, although not predominantly socialist.

Yasser Arafat

January 1981 – Ronald Reagan becomes US president

June 1981 – Israel bombs Iraq’s nuclear reactor at Osirak; Menachem Begin reelected prime minister

Hosni Mubarak 

October 1981 – Assassination of Anwar Sadat; ascension of Hosni Mubarak

June 1982 – Israeli invasion of Lebanon

reaction to PLO raids on Israel that were hidden in Lebanon

Goal: remove PLO from lebanon

September 14, 1982 – Bashir Gemayel assassinated

Christian lebonese had political control

Capital of Tunesia 

1985 PLO HQ in Tunis was bombed by Israeli Air Force

October 1985 – Palestine National Front hijacked cruise ship and threw overboard American Jew in his wheelchair

Airplane hijacking

Army of God

  The birth of Hamas (and the Qassam Brigades) and Islamic Jihad

Islamic Jihad

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (August 1990) and the Gulf War (January-February 1991)

Arafat leads Palestinian support for Saddam’s invasion

Madrid Conference (beginning October 1991)

Bilateral (Israel with Lebanon, Israel with Syria, and Israel with the Palestinians and Jordanians) and multilateral talks

suicide bombing

February-March 1996 – Four Hamas suicide bombings in Israel kill 59 Israelis

December 1995 – Israel withdraws from major West Bank Arab population centers, except Hebron

May 1996 – Likud’s Benjamin Netanyahu elected Prime Minister

October 1996 – Clinton summit with Netanyahu, Arafat, and Jordan’s King Hussein

Founder of Hamas

released from house arrest by Israel after failed Israeli assassination attempt against Hamas leader in Jordan; Yassin ultimately returns to Gaza

October 1998 – Wye River talks and memorandum

 an agreement negotiated between Israel and the Palestine Authority to implement the earlierInterim Agreement of 28 September, 1995. Brokered by the United States  

May 1999 – Labor’s Ehud Barak elected Israeli Prime Minister

May 2000 – Knesset votes to give Palestinians control of neighborhoods in greater East Jerusalem; Israel withdraws fully from South Lebanon; Hizbullah takes control

Hizbullah

Hafez al-Assad

June 2000 – Bashar al-Assad succeeds his father Hafez al-Assad as president of Syria

Ariel Sharon

September 2000 – Likud opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount; riots begin the next day and demonstrators are killed by Israeli police; beginning of the ‘Al-Aqsa Intifada’

Al-Aqsa Intifada

Second Intifada

George W. Bush

January 2001 – George W. Bush becomes US president

Mitchell Report

Netanya Passover seder

‘Operation Defensive Shield’

Jenin refugee camp

a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by a "quartet"

The Roadmap represents a starting point toward achieving the vision of two states, a secure State of Israel and a viable, peaceful, democratic Palestine. It is the framework for progress towards lasting peace and security in the Middle East.

June 29, 2003, a tentative cease-fire

 was reached between the Palestinian Authority and four major Palestinian groups. Islamic Jihad and Hamas announced a joint three-month cease-fire, while Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction declared a six-month truce.

July 2004 – World Court declares ‘Security Fence’ a breach of international law; UNGA calls on Israel to dismantle fence

Ehud Olmert

Mecca Declaration

February 2007 – President Abbas and Hamas leader Khaled Meshal (based in Syria) sign ‘Mecca Declaration’ of unity