Term
| Where/when did we emerge? |
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Definition
| homosapiens emerge 250,000 years ago in eastern and southern africa |
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Term
| sequence of human migration |
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Definition
- eastern asia; aka "eurasia"
- australia; *first use of boats
- europe
- the americas
- the pacific; waterborne migration (canoes). this process of expansion-rapid and extensive- made teh austronesian family of languages te most widespread in teh world (compared to other early patterns of human settlement)
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Term
Paleolithic Societies
"early stone age"
relationships, labor, etc. |
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Definition
- societies were small
- intensely personal relationships (*society of relatives)
- seasonally mobile or nomadic ot expoit the resources of wild plants and animals
- gender-based division of labor (men-hunters; wom-gatherers) but relationships between m/f were equal
- share goods and distribute meat
- rich ceremonial lives
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Term
| Settling Down: The Great Transition |
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Definition
*as the ast ice age came to an end, what followed was a general blobal warming (a wholly natural phenomenon, part of a long cycle of repeated heating and cooling). plants and animals unable to survive inteh ice age climate now flourished and increased their range, providing a richer and more diverse eniroment for many human societies.
-under these conditions, human popultions grew, and some previously nomadic G/H communities found it possible to settle down and live in more permanent settlements or villages |
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Term
Agricultural Revolution
"Neolithic Era"
"New Stone Age" |
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Definition
*began 10,000 yrs ago in response to warming climates at the end of the last ice age
(world's first historically verifiable revolution). The change from being hunter-gather based to being agr. based due to the deliberate cultivation of particular plants as well as the taming and breeding of paritcular animals. Happened worldwide and replaced earlier practices of gathering and hunting |
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Term
| Effects of Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies |
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Definition
- created a more reliable, but not necessarily more diversified, food supply
- agriculturalist had a massive impact on the enviroment (intensive cultivation, irrigation, domesticated animals for food and labor)
- growing populations
- settled villages
- patriarchy and forced labor systems developed (gave elite men power over most others in their societies)
- animal-borne diseases
- horse-drawn chariot warfare
- cities, states, empires, civilizations
- writing and literature, etc.
- pastoralists emerged in parts of africa and eurasia (they domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing. were more socially stratified than HG's. their mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations)
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Term
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Definition
| socieity in which mostor all food is obtained from wild pants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies which rely mainly on domesticated species |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of agr. concerned w/ teh care, tending, and use of animals. Animal husbandry or herding, they would move seasonally with their animals |
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Term
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Definition
| during teh agr. rev., political/administrative capitals, centers for the production of culture including art, architecture, literature, ritual and ceremony. Served as market places and housed most manufaturing activity. This urban society was impersonal and had a higher degree of specialization and inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority |
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Term
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Definition
the taming an dchanging of nature for the benefit of humankind.
(created mutual dependance: animals could no longer survive in the wild. humans lost the skills of their HG ancestors and now there were too many ppl to live in the older fashion) |
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Term
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Definition
| when workers specialize in performing particular tasks in production of a good or service |
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Term
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Definition
the condition of being arranged in social strata or classes w/in a group.
a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic position |
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Definition
| an arrangement of items in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", "or at the same level as" one another according to status or authority. |
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Definition
the branch of architecture dealing w/ the design and organization of urban space and activities
ex. streets and roads, sewage and water systems |
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Term
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Definition
architectural forms that symbolize power and authority. Usually public work project (ppl would get paid w/ surplus agr.)
*Mesop.=ziggurats: could be palace, city hall, and bank all at once
Egypt=pyramids: places of burial |
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Term
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Definition
a 2 wheeled horse drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.
From the Hyskos, but Egypt and Mesop. incorporated them into their military. Gave them a powerful advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient mesop., stepped temple towers. could be palace, city hall, and bank all at once |
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Term
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Definition
| in ancient egypt, places for burial |
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Term
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Definition
| a defensive wall or other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient Mesopotamian writing. Used wedge-shaped characters and clay tablets |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient Egyptian writing. Used a type of early paper called papyrus. The rosetta stone cracked the code for this written language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient Chinese writing. Wrote on oracle bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient Andean (south america). Knotted cords that kept records, now considered a type of written lang. w/ rope. |
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Term
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Definition
| the teachings of the Vedas, the our most sacred writings of Hinduism. Was the precursor of Hinduism. This religion, from the Indo-Europeans, entered India from present day Iran. Polytheistic system, involving the worship f numerous divinities connected with natural phnomena. |
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Term
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Definition
In the semetic (jewish) language. The belief in one true God.
(old testament: Abraham and ppl migrated away from the city of Ur. settled between Mesop/Israel/Egypt. became slaves in Egypt. Moses led them out and introduced God). |
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Term
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Definition
persian religion. Prophet=Zorothustra; 600 BCE. polytheistic, but one main God which is Ahura Mazda.
*there's an evil God working against the good one. good ppl awarded w/ paaradise an bad ppl punished |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient poem from Mesop. tells the story of why and how the Gods flooded the earth |
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Term
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Definition
4 main catalogs of the Vedic religion. An ancient Indian sacred colleciton of Vedic sanskrit hymns.
Is counted amng the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism known as the Vedas. |
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Term
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Definition
the common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary text.
aka the "Book of Comming", or "(Going) Forth by day |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient Babylonian law code. Punishments depended on social status and gender. Made b/c Hammy didn't have time to deal w/ all the false accusations. He needed his city-states to work like cloc-work. People should do what theyre suppsd to do when they're suppsd to be doing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of prehistoric people adn their cultures (based on what they left behind) |
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Definition
| a social system in which males act as the primary authoriy figure. Fathers hold authority over women, children, adn property. Entails female to subordination. property and title are inherited by male lineage. Generated due to plow-based agr. whre men took over most of the farm work and the status of women declined correspondingly |
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Definition
| crescent shaped area of ferile land in the middle east (present day Iraq and kuwait) |
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Term
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Definition
| artificially bringing water to land by means of ditches, etc. used for farming or landscaping. the watering (sometimes flooding) usually happens on a set schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reasons why groups of ppl move out of or into a region. there could be 1 or more push factors, there's usually quite a few pull factors. |
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Definition
| (of work or way of life). Characterized by much sitting an dlittle physical exercise. couch potatoe. |
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Definition
| charaterization of a goup of ppl who have no fixed home and move (according to the seasons) from place to place in search of food, water, and grazing land. |
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Definition
| the dispersion/scattering of jews beyond/outside of Israel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A language family widely dispersed through/o teh islands of southwest asia and teh pacific. one o the best established ancient language families |
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Term
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Definition
| originated in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon. Bantu speaking people spread east and south, taking with them their agriculture, cattle-raising, adn later ironworking skills, as well as their languages. the bantus generally absorbed, killed, or drove away the native paleolithic peoplesor exposed them to animal-born diseases to which they had no immunities |
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Term
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Definition
| spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another. naturally most successful in eurasia b/c vegetation adn climate remain the same horizontally, so they could use the same techniques adn they would work across the continent. in every other place in teh world, cultural diffusion happened vertically, so when cultures from different climates/vegetations shared ideas and techniques it wasn't as successful |
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Term
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Definition
| an animal bone w/ cracks (due to heatint) or other markings, used to foretell the future |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of 700 related languages and dialects. includes most major current languages in europe, the iranian pateau, and south asia |
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Term
| what accounts for teh emergence of agr. after countless millennia w/o it? |
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Definition
- the end of the last ice age coinciding w/ teh migration of homosapiens across teh planet
- climate changes pushed various species fo large mammals, which paleolithic people had depended, into extinction; thus, presurring them to find new food sources
- warmer, wetter, adn more stable conditions permitted the flourishing of more wild plants which were the ancestors of many domesticated crops
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Term
| How did agriculture and pastoralism further transform early societies? |
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Definition
- led to more reliable and abundant food supplies which increased population which led to cities
- cities were the most distinctive feature and the foundation of the first civilizations
- surplus of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites
- technological innovations led to improvememnts in agr production, trade, and transportation.
- in both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite groups accumulated wealth, creating more hierarchical social structures and promoting patriarchal forms of social organization
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Term
| Technological Innovations in early cities |
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Definition
led to improvements in agr production, trade, adn transportation
- pottery
- plows
- woven textiles
- metallurgy
- wheels and wheeled vehicles
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Term
| Common features of early civilizations |
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Definition
*developed about 5,000 yrs ago and layed the foundation for the first civs. important features include...
- production of agr surplus that permitted significant speciallization of labor
- generated complex institutions such as political bureaucracies, including armies adn religious hierarchies
- featured clearly stratified social hierarchies adn organized long-distance trading reationships
- economic relationships intensified
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Term
| *WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE CIVILIZED?? |
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Definition
| *The term civilization is normally used to designate large societies with cities and powerful states |
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Term
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Definition
Mesop: women were sometimes divided in 2 sharply distinguished categories:
-respectable women
-nonrespectable women
Egypt: tho still patriarchal, gave it's women greater opportunities thatn most other first civs. women recognized as legal equals to men |
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Term
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Definition
*forms of writing emerged in all the first civs, but the Andes (south america). formed to keep records.
- cuneiform (mesop. writing)
- hieroglyphics (egypt writing)
- pictograhy (chinese writing)
- quipo (andean form of writing)
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Term
Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt
*extremely simplified |
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Definition
Mesopotamia Egypt
-bad river; unpredictable -good river; predictable
-pessimistic view of life -optimistic view of life
-vulnerable to invasion -in protcted spac."free secrty
-neg. impacts of enviro -changd envir. less.
-sep. ind. city-states maintainable agr sys
-e/ city-state had a king -unified territory
-traded w/ indus valley -pharoah
-traded w/ Nubia |
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Term
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Definition
- began the african migration
- stateless societies
- matolineal societies (inheritance comes form mothers side. but eventually switched to patriachal)
- animism: set of beliefs based on non-human "spiritual beings"
Did 3 things:
1. spread their lang.
2. great agr. techniques and helped spread agr around africa
3. iron/metallurgy
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Term
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Definition
- common lang family=english, spanish, german, greek, latin
- homeland in modern day ukraine/southern russia
- early domesticators of horses
- migrated in waves
*key to their migration was their horses which allowed them to move faster, conqeur, etc. |
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Definition
- created the alphabet
- located in present day Ceria
- traded w/ civs all around teh mediterranean sea
- great at making boats=great migratory ppl
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Term
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Definition
- settled in anatolia (present day turkey)
- iron technology
- light chariots
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Definition
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Term
| Religion of Shang Dynasty |
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Definition
| they had oracle bones and which they believed ppl could predict the future by reading them |
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Term
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Definition
- emperor viewed as son of heaven or divine
- average ppl could perform "ancestora worship". make shrines adn pray to dead ancestors
- Mandate of Heaven=stay in power if things are good, but if the emperor does something wrong or bad things happen in accumulation, then the emperor can loose the mandate and a new dynasty will take his place
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Term
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Definition
- brutal conqurers
- torture
- fear, propaganda
- forced population removal
- jews exiled
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