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| Wrote 95 theses, began Protestant Reformation |
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| Powerful movement away from the Catholic Church |
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| Signed between Spain and Portugal, decided how Colombus' discoveries would be divided |
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| First English Settlement, mysteriously vanished without a trace |
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| Established the Roanoke colony |
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| Given charge of Jamestown in order to find gold, Christanize the natives, and secure a passage to India. Saved Jamestown with his good leadership in its early years. |
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| Established Jamestown. Gave the settlers a charter that guaranteed them the same rights as their brothers oversees, thus setting the foundation for the American Revolution |
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| Developed a new theology, Calvinism, whose cornerstone was the idea of predestination. |
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| Calvinists who had undergone a conversion experience, meaning they knew that they were destined for salvation. |
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| Spain's system of colonization, where Spaniards were given land by the Crown and were obligated to care for their native slaves |
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| Founded by King Henry VIII because he wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. The Anglican church was still very similar to the Roman Catholic Church, which Protestants protested against. |
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| Encouraged by the teachings of John Calvin, they wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church by ridding it of certain aspects of the Roman Catholic Church. King James I saw them as a threat and tried to expel them from England. |
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| Thought they had to break away from the Anglican Church and set up a new church independent of the monarchy. They set out in 1620 on the Mayflower bound for Virginia. They agreed to work for the Virginia Company for 7 years in exchange for some profits. Instead, they were blown off course and landed in Plymouth Bay, where they finally settled. |
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| While on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims drafted an agreement to set up a secular body to administer leadership of the colony. This set the stage for the concept of seperation of church and state and the rule of the majority. |
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| Outspoken Puritan minister and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He proclaimed Boston would be a "city upon a hill" for the Christian world to see and emulate. |
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| Believed in antinomianism, that God's chosen people did not have to obey God's or man's laws because they were already in God's record as predestined to enter Heaven. Was banish from the Massachusetts Bay Colony after holding prayer meetings in her home and claiming a direct revelation with God. |
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| A minister from Salem who believed an individual's conscience was a more supreme authority than civil government or the church leadership. He advocated a complete seperation of church and state. Was ordered out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636. He and his followers established the colony of Rhode Island. |
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| Believed that the power of God resided in the soul of the individual. They were also ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Several joined William Penn of England in the founding of Pennsylvania. |
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| Many young Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony didn't have a conversion experience, so the church was losing membership. Passed this to give nonconverted Puritans partial membership to the church. |
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| A period of mass hysteria in Salem which began when young girls started accusing older members of being witches. Resulted in the execution of 20 people and a fall in the prestige of the traditional Puritan clergy. |
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| The 'first constitution" in colonial America was drafted in Connecticut. It was modelled after the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and called for the power of government to be derived from the people. |
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| A period where because the English Crown was embroiled in the English Civil War, the colonies were left to manage themselves. This period aided in the development of colonial self-leadership and widened the distance between the ideologies of the Mother country and her colonial citizens. |
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| New England Confederation |
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| New England colonies formed this to provide for collective security under threat of attack by sorrounding Native American Tribes. |
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| Established by King James II in order to bring the colonies uder stricter royal control. According to the King, the colonies existed purely for the economic benefit of England. |
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| Part of the Dominion of New England, were instituted by Parliament to restrict colonial trade relationships with countries other than England. Smuggling and large black markets became very common during the Dominion of New England. |
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| Initially founded by the Dutch as New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was an economic center for the trade of furs from the Hudson Valley. After some fighting, New Netherlands came under the control of the British and changed names. Had more democracy than other colonies, but was similar to feudal England in terms of land distribution. |
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| Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers. His "Holy Expirement" sought to have a liberal state and attracted a wide array of settlers to the colony. Settlers from many different areas went here with the promise of land, religious freedom, and democracy. Eventually became the 4th largest colony b/c of vast trade network with Native Americans. New Jersey and Delaware resembled it. |
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| Introduced tobacco to Virginia farmers. It soon became the number one cash crop in the aread. To derive a profit from tobacco, farmers had to grow large tracts of the crop. Thus, the plantation system was developed. |
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| Where a landowner would pay the passage from England for a white indentured servant and receive 50 acres of land in return. The servants wre bound in the indenture until their passage was paid back in the form of labor- usually taking 7 years. As indentured servants served out their contracts, there was a flood of former servants now wanting land, jobs, and money, which led to need for new labor pool. |
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| Founded 25 years after Virginia Company arrived in Jamestown. King Charles the 1 divided the Virginia colony in 1634 and gave a portion to Lord Baltimore. King Charles 1 used these proprietary colonies to protect his influence in the Chesapeake region. Lord Baltimore was supposed to make this a haven for Catholics and a profit for the Crown. But he died, so the Second Lord Baltimore established it. |
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| Immigration to Maryland by Protestant farmers threatened the safety of Catholics. To ensure "religious freedom," they passed this. However, it provided death penalty for whoever denied the divinity of Christ. Eventually, majority Protestants rebelled and were successful in repealing the act. Oliver Cromwell restored the act in 1650. |
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| Name for the Carolinas, Georgia, New York, and Pennsylvania because they were all established after the English throne was restored to Charles II in 1660. |
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| Originally established to supply the sugar plantations of the West Indies with food. Soon, rice became the cash crop. It quickly became the most aristocratic region in the colonies, with its center of influence in Charleston. It was here that the slave codes from Barbados were first imported, thus institutionalizing slavery. |
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| The last of the British colonies, founded and charted in 1733 by James Oglethorpe. Served as a buffer state between the Spanish in Florida and the precious plantations in South Carolina. Also was used as a point of deposit for debtors sent from overcrowded jails in London. |
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| The governor of the Virginia colony at the time of Bacon's Rebellion. Enraged backwoods farmers by remaining friendly with Native Americans and failing to protect land of those living on the Western frontier. |
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| In 1676, he mobilized his fellow backwood farmers to form a militia and engaged in a series of raids against local native villages. Defeated Sir William Berkeley's forces and set fire to Jamestown. A short time later, he died of dysentery and the rebellion was crushed. |
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| A rebellion led by backwoods farmer Nathaniel Bacon. It signaled the problems of social division, and the difficulty of controlling former indentured servants. This led to an increase in the demand for black slaves. |
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| Occurred in 1680 in modern day Santa Fe, New Mexico. Was organized by a Hopi Indian in response to harsh treatment by the Spanish. Over 400 Spaniards were killed and Spain was unable to reclaim the New Mexico colony for nearly 50 years. |
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| Occurred in England in 1688. Led to the overthrow of Kind James II, who was replaced by Mary and William III of Orange. Uprisings in several colonies occurred afterward when it became clear that the English government would continue its policy of repression. |
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| The idea that the colonies existed solely to provide raw materials and a market of consumers for the mother country. |
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| A trade network in which New England Colonies provided timber, fish, and manufactured goods to Caribbean islands in exchange for molasses, which would be used to make rum in New England. The rum would be brought to Africa in exchange for slaves. |
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| The trade of choice for New England merchants during the Triangular Trade. Involved trading raw materials for molasses in the Caribbean, making rum, and exchanging the rum for slaves in Africa. |
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| Religious spirit in the 1630's characterized by sermons that emphasized the power of an emotional connection with God. Religious fervor spread across the colonies, with large revivals meeting under tents in the outskirts of towns. Led to the formation of new sects, including Baptists and Methodists. |
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| A "New Light" preacher credited with starting the Great Awakening in 1734 by giving sermons that encouraged parishioners to absolve their sins and pay penance by praying for salvation. |
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| Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God |
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| Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermon which he delivered in 1741. Church goers were told that God was angry with the sinners of the earth and only those who obeyed God's word would be free from damnation. |
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| An English-born "New Light" preacher who crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the "fire and brimstone" eternity all sinners would face if the did not absolve their sins publicly. He undermined the power and prestige of "Old Light" preachers by claiming ordinary people could understand the bible without the leadership of a church authority. |
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| Preachers in the Great Awakening who emphasized emotion in the sermons, and undermined the power and prestige of "Old Lights" |
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| Also known as the Seven Years' War. Was a conflict between England + the colonies and the combined French and Native American force. Significant because the question of who would pay for the war led to tensions between the colonists and England. |
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| Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, called for a confederation of colonies to provide for defense from attack by European and native forces.Colonists were encouraged to support the plan with a political cartoon titled "Join, or Die." The colonies rejected it because they felt it was too restrictive. |
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| Became Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. Shifted British efforts from colonial skirmishes to the conquering of Canada. This strategy was successful, as the French surrendered Quebec in 1759 and Montreal in 1760. |
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| A peace treaty after the French and Indian War. The British took control of French Canada and Spanish Florida, effectively removing French presence in North America. |
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| Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) |
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| The Ottowans led an attack on colonial settlements from what is now Michigan all the way to Virginia as a response to harsh treatment by the British. Only subdued after 18 months of fighting. |
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| Set a line of demarcation that barred American colonists settling West of the Appalachians. The British saw this as a way to make peace with Native Americans, but most colonists ignored the line and settled West in even larger numbers. |
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| Raised the previous amount of tax demanded on sweeteners from the older Molasses Act of 1733. The tax was mainly levied to make money for the Crown. |
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| Required colonial citizens to provide room and board for British soldiers stationed there. |
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| Passed in 1765, required that all paper in the colonies have a stamp attached, signifying that a tax had been paid. The first direct tax the colonists were subjected to. Led to a negative reaction from colonists. |
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| A lawyer from Virginia who supposedly coined the phrase "No taxation without representation." He accused the British government of usurping the rights guaranteed the colonists as Englishmen. |
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| A body that would send word to England that only colonial legislatures had the authority to tax the colonists. They argued that while external taxes were okay, internal taxes were only within the rights of locally elected officials to impose. |
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| A kind of representation the the English believed colonists had in Parliament, because Parliament governed on behalf of the entire British Empire. |
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| The Sons and Daughters of Liberty |
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Definition
| Led by Samuel Adams, an organization that intimidated tax collectors by attacking them. Inspired boycotts of British goods to protest the Stamp Act. |
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| Passed by the British in place of the recently repealed Stamp act. It maintained the right of the crown to tax the colonies in the future. |
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| Passed in 1767, brought harsh taxes on goods such as glass, paper, and tea that were paid by the purveyors of these imported goods. Met strong opposition and boycotts from the colonists, and was repealed in 1770. |
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| Allowed customs official to search colonial homes, businesses, and warehouses for smuggled goods without a warrant from a judge. Were written to support enforcement of the Townshend Acts. |
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| Massachusetts Circular Letter |
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| Written by Samuel Adams in 1768, argued that there was no distinction between internal and external taxes and that the Townshend Acts must be repealed. Was copied and distributed throughout the colonies, sparking new boycotts of British goods. |
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| An incident in which a crowd of colonists harassed troops guarding the customs house, and the troops fired upon the crowd, killing five and wounding six protesters. Became well known as a result of propaganda spread by the Sons of Liberty. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| Circulated letters of protest against British policies. Aided Samuel Adams, the Sons of Liberty, and other colonials. |
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| Passed in 1773. Actually lowered the price of tea, but wary colonists refused to purchase any tea. Led to the Boston Tea Party. |
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| Passed by Parliament at the urging of Lord North in response to the Boston Tea Party. Closed Boston Harbor until the tea lost in the Party was paid for, and revoked the charter of the colony of Massachusetts. This would put the colony under the control of the crown and expand the scope of the Quartering Act. Was part of what the colonists named the Intolerable Acts. |
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| Allowed the former French region to be self-sufficient and expanded its borders, taking away potential lands from colonists in the Ohio River Valley. The provision to allow Quebecers to practice Catholicism freely most angered the colonists, and it became part of what colonists called the Intolerable Acts. |
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| Coercive Acts and Quebec Act made up these acts. Named so by colonists, enraged by the new acts. |
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| An Enlightenment philosophe whose theory of natural rights challenged the absolute and divine rule of kings and queens by asserting that all men should be ruled by natural laws and that sovereignty was derived by the will of the governed. This philosophy set the stage for a revolutionary spirit that abounded in 18th century America. |
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| An age of new ideas that inspired men such as George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams with teachings that emphasized the concept of reason over emotion. Gave justification for rebelling against a government the colonists perceived as violating their rights. |
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| Declaration of Rights and Grievances |
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Definition
| Sent by the First Continental Congress to the King of England to urge him to correct the wrongs incurred by the colonists. It did acknowledge the authority of Parliament to regulate trade and commerce. The king and Parliament did not respond, as that would have legitimized the First Continental Congress' claim to wield political power. |
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| Created by the First Continental Congress. It called for the creation of "boycott committees" throughout the colonies to bring Britain to its knees economically. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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Definition
| A meeting of Representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies in Philadelphia on September of 1774 to discuss acceptable forms of protest and reaction. Was formed in response to the Intolerable Acts. It sent the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the king and created the Association. The king and Parliament did not respond to its demands, as doing so would have legitimized its claim to wield political power. |
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| "The shot heard round the world" |
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| The first shot of the American Revolution. Occurred in Lexington when a group of minutemen tried to stop Redcoats from seizing armaments and arresting rebels in Concord. The minutemen were able to force the British to retreat to Boston, killing about 250 of them by day's end. |
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| Occurred on June 17, 1775. Colonials celebrated the massive casualties they dealt to British troops. In response, the king declared the colonies in rebellion, and hired Hessians to invade the colonies. |
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| Mercenaries from Germany, known for their ruthlessness in battle, hired by England to invade the colonies during the American Revolution. With these mercenaries entering the picture, the colonists interpreted the British motive for war as one of annihilation. |
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| Battle of Saratoga in 1777 |
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| A major victory for colonials during the American Revolution. Led to the French providing colonials assistance, which was a turning point and opened the doors for an American victory. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| A meeting of delegates from all 13 colonies in May 1775 to discuss their next steps in the Revolution. Drew up the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms and sent the Olive Branch Petition to Britain. Kind George III refused to recognize the legitimacy of it. |
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| Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms |
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| Drawn up by the Second Continental Congress in 1775. It urged King George III to consider colonial grievances and it provided for the raising of a professional colonial military force. |
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| Sent to King George III by the Second Continental Congress in July 1775. It reasserted colonial loyalty to the crown and asked the king to intervene with Parliament on their behalf. It was a last gesture of peace and a preventative measure against total war. |
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| An English immigrant to the colonies who published the pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776. |
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| A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in January 1776 that used John Locke's natural rights philosophy to argue that the citizens of the colonies were obligated to rebel against the oppression of Britain and that it would be contrary to common sense to allow the injustices to continue. Members of the Second Continental Congress read the pamphlet with great interest, and integrated Paine's arguments into their deliberations in Philadelphia. |
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| One of five delegates that worked on writing the Declaration of Independence. He wrote the majority of it, in which he listed 27 grievances and charges of wrongdoing directed at the crown and Parliament. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, was the official break of the colonies from England, thus making the United States a country in its own right. |
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| Colonial citizens during the American Revolution who were actively engaged in the fight for independence. They compromised roughly one-third of the colonial population. They were usually young New Englanders or Virginians who volunteered their time to the Continental Army. They were seldom paid for their services. |
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| Colonists during the American Revolution who sided with Britain. They were often older, wealthy, educated citizens of the Middle or Southern Colonies. They compromised roughly one-third of the colonial population. After the war, some 60,000 to 80,000 of them fled into exile rather than remain in the United States. |
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| The last major battle of the Revolution waged in 1781. Washington's men, with the assistance of French forces, secured the surrender of British General Charles Cornwallis's regiment after having survived a cold winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. |
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| A treaty following the end of the American Revolution. It included a formal recognition of the United States as a country, a boundary that stretched West to the Mississippi River, and the retention of American fishing rights in Newfoundland. Americans agreed to repay debts to British merchants and promised not to punish Loyalists who remained in the United States. |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| The first national constitution sent to the states for ratification in 1777. Ratified by all 13 states in 1781, after being held up by arguments over land claims in the West. Provided a template for a central government with a unicameral legislative branch. The government under this constitution could wage war, make treaties, and borrow money to pay debts. However, it could not levy taxes and didn't have the authority to enforce its own laws. This crippled the economy, as the United States could not pay back war debts. |
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Definition
| Required new townships to set aside a parcel of land for public education and stipulated that the sale of public lands would be used to pay off the national debt. Led to an orderly settlement of the Old Northwest in contrast to the unorganized settlement in the South. |
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Term
| The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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Definition
| Established guidelines for attaining statehood, whereby territories with at least 60,000 people could apply for statehood; if accepted by Congress, the new state would have equal status with other states. It banned slavery North of the Ohio River, thereby guaranteeing free states in the Midwest. Is an example of a success of the Articles of Confederation. |
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Definition
| Daniel Shays and a band of Massachusetts farmers rose up during the Summer of 1786 and demanded restitution and tax relief. The rebellion escalated in January 1787 when the mob overtook a seizure of the state arsenal. At this stage, the Massachusetts militia quelled the rebellion. It signaled serious problems with the Articles of Confederation, convincing many congressional leaders that the Articles had to be overhauled. |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| A convention that took place in Philadelphia, in 1786. Was attended by such political heavy-weights as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton. The focus of the meeting was to revise and repair the Articles of Confederation. The tenor of the meeting soon shifted, however, to writing a whole new Constitution. |
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Definition
| North Africans who attacked merchant ships in the period after the American Revolution, often seizing the goods and kidnapping the crew. Was one of the problems that motivated the repairing of the Articles of Confederation. |
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Definition
| A delegate from Virginia who became the leading voice of the Constitutional Convention. He expressed the need for a central government and separation of powers. His views were somewhat radical. |
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| One of the main concepts of the Constitution. Involves having a national government whose power would exceed the power of the states. First proposed by James Madison |
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Definition
| Component of the Constitution that provides an executive, judicial, and legislative branch that would be independent of each other. They would hold each other accountable with a system of checks and balances. First proposed by James Madison. |
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Definition
| Proposed by Edmund Randolph and delegates from larger states on May 29, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention. It called for representation in the legislative branch to be based solely on population or proportional representation. This favored states with larger populations. |
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Definition
| Proposed by William Patterson on June 9, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention. Called for representation in the legislative branch to be equal regardless of the number of citizens of a state. This favored states with small populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed by Roger Sherman on June 11, 1787 at the Constitutional Convention. Called for one chamber of the legislative body to represent states proportionately according to their populations, and another chamber to represent each state equally regardless of population. This was a good compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. However, large states still stood to gain more, as revenue bills would only go through the first chamber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower chamber of the legislative branch, which would be compromised of members who reflected the populations of individual states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper chamber of the legislative branch, which would be compromised of membership that was equal regardless of state population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system in which the uneducated would choose a President who was dangerous to the stability of the nation. Delegates of the Constitutional Convention set up the Electoral College to prevent this from forming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Casts votes as representatives of their states in order to control democracy. Was formed by delegates in the Constitutional Convention in order to avoid mob rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stipulated that every African slave would be counted as three-fifths of a citizen. The South conceded to the end of legal importation of slaves beginning in 1808. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political party consisting of those in favor of the Constitution and a strong central government. Members were usually Northern merchants who had close ties with British trade networks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political party consisting of those in opposition to the Constitution and in favor of strong states' rights. Members were usually from small Southern farms or western homesteads. |
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Term
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Definition
| An addition to the Constitution that protected individual freedoms and state sovereignty. Was added in order to persuade Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution. Consisted of 10 amendments penned mostly by James Madison. Ratified by the states in 1791 |
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Definition
| A series of 85 powerful essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in order to encourage ratification of the Constitution in New York. They refuted common doubts about whether a central government could effectively rule such a vast territory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Established a Supreme Court consisting of on presiding chief justice and five associate justices. Also provided for the establishment of 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts of appeal. |
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Term
| Report on Public Credit (1790) |
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Definition
| Written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. It explained how monetary and fiscal policy should favor the rich so that their good fortune would be spent within the economy and thus, stimulate economic growth. |
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Term
| Report and Manufacturers (1791) |
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Definition
| Written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Promoted the industrialization of the United States and advocated strong protective tariffs to protect infant industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Was Secretary of the Treasury under President George Washington. His overall financial plan sought to boost national credit, create a "father/son" relationship between the federal govt and the states, earn revenue by exacting heavy tariffs on imported good and passing excise taxes on whiskey, and ensure stability by establishing a national bank. Each of these measures were hotly contested, mainly by Thomas Jefferson and Anti-federalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| System of debt payment that Alexander Hamilton proposed. Said the government should pay all debts at face value plus interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Placed an 8% tariff on imports, a rate much lower than Hamilton desired. He imposed excise taxes on goods such as whiskey to make up the shortfall in revenue. This was necessary, as Hamilton had suggested the federal government assume all state debts. However, these taxes became a problem when the Whiskey Rebellion broke out in 1794. |
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Term
| Bank of the United States (BUS) |
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Definition
| A national bank where the federal government would hold the major financial interest in the bank, with private stockholders also contributing. The national treasury would keep its deposits in the bank, keeping the funds safe and available as loanable funds. Thomas Jefferson opposed it, stating that the Constitution did not provide for its creation. When George Washington signed the bank into law in 1791, it caused the rift between Hamilton and Jefferson to widen. |
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Term
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Definition
| One who believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson was one, which he demonstrated in his argument that the Constitution did not provide for the creation of the BUS |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose constructionists like Alexander Hamilton believed this clause granted Congress "implied powers" to pass laws that were "necessary and proper" to run the country effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| Championed by Thomas Jefferson, this political party sought to limit the powers of the central government in favor of greater states' rights. It opposed the Federalists, who believed in a strong national government whose powers were supreme over the states. This party stemmed from the Anti-Federalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| A revolution that extended beyond the borders of France and became a war that involved Britain and the Caribbean. Led to tensions between Jefferson and Hamilton over who to support. |
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Term
| Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 |
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Definition
| Passed during the French Revolution, outlined that the United States would remain neutral rather than assisting French revolutionaries. The French were not happy with this decision and both the French and British started seizing American ships crossing the Atlantic, taking cargo and impressing sailors into service. |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal of this treaty was to settle the issue of British seizure or impressment of American sailors during the French revolution, but failed to do so. It did, however, call for the removal of British forts in the West. The treaty angered Democratic-Republicans and the French, who increased their harassment of American ships. |
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| A treaty between the United States and Spain ratified in 1796. Successfully negotiated a settlement of boundary at Florida, right of navigation along the Mississippi River, and right of deposit at the Port of New Orleans. It essentially removed Spain as a threat to further American settlement in the West. |
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| Washington's Farewell Address |
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Definition
| Upon leaving office of the President in 1797, George Washington delivered this address in which he warned the nation to remain neutral with regard to European affairs, to avoid entangling alliances, and to refrain from the formation of "factions," or political parties. |
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| Treaty of Greenville (1795) |
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Definition
| Signed by Shawnee, Miami, and other Indian tribes after being defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. In this treaty, they surrendered tribal claims to land in what is now Ohio and Indiana. |
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| An uprising of backwoods farmers that broke out in Western Pennsylvania. They were hit hard by the excise tax imposed on whiskey, which they protested by tarring and feathering tax collectors or destroying public buildings. Washington quickly quelled the protest, proving that the new federal government had the power to maintain peace. |
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| Modeled after the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, this act set clear procedures for the settlement, sale, and distribution of federal lands. |
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| Second President of the United States. The runner-up, Thomas Jefferson, became his vice president. |
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| An incident in which three French agents named only as X,Y, and Z demanded a bribe form the American delegation in Paris in 1797 just for the opportunity to speak with French officials. The delegation refused to comply, and news of this incident quickly spread back to the US. Many Federalists angrily responded by calling for military action. An undeclared naval quasi-war followed, and John Adams managed to avoid all-out war after the Convention of 1800. |
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Definition
| Following the XYZ Affair, the United States engaged in an undeclared naval quasi-war with France. This meeting was a meeting of American envoys and the French with the purpose of negotiating a settlement. The meeting ended with a termination of the Franco-American Alliance, and agreement by the US to pay for damages inflicted on French vessels, and the avoidance of and all-out war. |
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| The first of laws enacted by Federalists following the XYZ Affair. It increased the residency requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years and gave the President power to detain and/or deport enemy aliens in times of war. |
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| One of the laws passed by Federalists following the XYZ Affair. Made it illegal to criticize the President or Congress and imposed a heavy fine or a threat of imprisonment upon violators, such as editors of newspapers. Jefferson and Democratic-Republicans were angered over this violation of the First Amendment. They fought back by encouraging states to nullify the act. |
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Definition
| The idea that the federal government was formed because of a compact among states. Supported the idea of state nullification. |
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| The election of Thomas Jefferson. Was a relatively peaceful transfer of power between two political parties, which demonstrated that democracy was strong in the face of adversity. |
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| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Definition
| Penned by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to combat the Alien and Sedition Acts. Argued that the federal government had broken its "compact" with the states by failing to protect the free speech of its citizens and they were therefore justified in declaring the acts null and void. |
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| Purchased during Jefferson's Presidency from Spain for a bargain price of $15 million. Jefferson was torn on whether or not to purchase it, because his Federalist ideals said he had no constitutional authority to do so. He sent it |
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Term
| Meriwether Lewis and William Clark |
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Definition
| A team appointed by Jefferson to look for a route connecting the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, after purchasing the Louisiana Territory. They set out in 1804 and returned to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1806. Jefferson's objective of finding a water route was not realized. |
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| A last-minute piece of legislation passed before Congress was overturned over to the majority Republicans. Created 16 new judgeships, which were filled by so-called "midnight judges." |
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| Judges appointed by President John Adams in 1801 in his last days in office, who would serve on the bench during Jefferson's administration. This packing of Federalists into lifetime judicial appointments angered Jefferson. |
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Definition
| A "midnight judge," William Marbury, sued James Madison for refusing to deliver his commission. The court declared that Madison should have delivered the commission, but the court could not order Madison to do so. This established the precedent of judicial review, and strengthened the power of the Supreme Court. |
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| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court starting in Thomas Jefferson's presidency. Decisions by the Marshall Court increased the power of the Supreme Court and supported individual economic rights. |
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Definition
| Called for electors to the Electoral College to specify which ballot was being cast for the President and which was being cast for the Vice President. |
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| A small group of radical Federalists formed around 1800. It plotted for a New England state secession from the Union and asked Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York. However, Federalists in New York chose not to elect him, and the plot faded away. |
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| A secession plot that arose in 1806, after Aaron Burr's killing of Alexander Hamilton. In this plot, Burr planned to wrest Mexico from the Spanish and join it with the Louisiana Territory to create a new country to the West. Jefferson was reported of the plot and Burr was arrested, but later Burr was acquitted and freed. |
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| A controversy where Georgia turned over her Western lands only after granting much of it illegally to land companies. Jefferson and James Madison attempted to pay the land companies restitution for the land the federal govt was now taking. Opponents took the opportunity to portray Jefferson as corrupt and willing to pay bribes. This led to a schism within the Republican party, which would further challenge Jefferson during his second term. |
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Term
| Tripolitan Wars (1801-1805) |
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Definition
| A war in which the US navy fought the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. The small force was able to put a dent in the work of pirates and gained the US credibility overseas. |
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| A war between the British and French in the Jeffersonian period. Throughout the war, Americans grew concerned over the British practice of impressment and violations of American neutrality. |
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Definition
| Passed during the Napoleonic War in 1806 by the French, it attempted to cut Britain off from the rest of the world. This meant that American ships traveling there to deposit goods would get caught in the mess. |
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| A decree made by the British during the Napoleonic war in 1806 in response to the Berlin Decree. It closed all ports under French control- any American ship traveling to mainland Europe that did not stop first in Britain would be confiscated. |
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Definition
| Passed in 1807 by the French during the Napoleonic War in response to the British Orders in Council. It authorized Napoleon's navy to seize any foreign ship traveling to Europe that had first stopped in Britain. In other words, American shippers could continue trade at great risk but reap great rewards in profits. |
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Definition
| Passed by Jefferson in 1807 during the Napoleonic war in response to British violations of American neutrality. It prohibited US merchant vessels from anchoring at any foreign port. Jefferson's hope was that Britain and France would be crippled economically and would be forced to respect the US. However, it was ruinous to the American economy. Congress repealed it in 1809. |
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Term
| The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 |
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Definition
| Passed by Congress in the last days of Jefferson's presidency to replace the Embargo Act. It allowed the US to trade with any foreign nation EXCEPT France or Britain. It expired in one year, and was replaced with Macon's Bill Number 2 in 1810. |
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Definition
| Replaced The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 in 1810. Sought to lift trade restrictions against Britain or France after they agreed to honor US neutrality. However, France and Britain continued their practice of impressment and ship seizures, pushing the United States closer and closer to the brink of war. |
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| People who insisted that the War of 1812 would finally clear Britain's influence from North America, and hoped to eliminate the threat of English-armed Native Americans. Famous war hawks included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. |
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| A battle in 1811 that caused many congressmen in the frontier to feel justified in their call for war. Happened just prior to the War of 1812 |
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| Two Shawnee Indian brothers who organized in the face of an American advance Westward. General Harrison and his men fought them back in the Battle of Tippecanoe |
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| Also known as "Mr. Madison's War" and "The Second War of Independence." It was a small and disappointing war for the US against the British. Essentially, the war ended in a draw. Americans were pleased because they lost no territory, and it allowed for manufacturing to flourish. In effect, this was the beginning of America's industrial revolution. |
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Definition
| Occurred during the War of 1812. General Andrew Jackson led Southern troops and thwarted the English attempt to control the Mississippi River. Proved unnecessary, as it was fought two weeks after the signing of a peace treaty. Nonetheless, Jackson emerged as a war hero. |
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| Treaty that ended the War of 1812, signed by American envoys and British diplomats in Belgium on December 24, 1814. Essentially, the war ended in a draw, but Americans were pleased that they didn't lose any territory. Manufacturing in New England flourished, and the industrial revolution in America began. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of radical New England Federalists. Discussed ways to demand the federal government pay them for loss of trade, etc. When the War of 1812 ended, the Federalists looked unpatriotic. It was the nail in the coffin for the Federalist party. |
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| Imposed a 20 percent duty on all imported goods and became the first truly "protective tariff" in American history. Led to a sectional crisis between the North and South, who supported and didn't support the tariff, respectively. |
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| Written by Henry Clay of Kentucky, included the recharter of the Bank of the US, tariffs like the Tariff of 1816, and the building of infrastructure. Clay argued that it would help establish manufacturing and bring in much needed revenue for internal improvements to aid those in the South. |
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| Hit hard by the end of the War of 1812, the Bank of the US was forced to demand payments from small banks in hard specie. However, these "wildcat" banks couldn't pay in hard specie, because the amount of currency in circulation was dangerously low. The BUS demanded banks foreclose on farmers who couldn't pay back their debts, resulting in a significant rise in landless farmers. |
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| A proposed amendment to Missouri's bid for statehood. Would not allow any more slaves to be brought into the state and would provide for the emancipation of the children of Missouri slaves at the age of 15 years. Southerners were enraged by this abolition attempt by Northern reps and crushed the amendment in the Senate. |
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| Three bills together proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky. Allowed for the admission of Missouri as a slave state, while admitting Maine as a free state, to maintain the balance in the Senate. Slavery would not be permitted in states admitted above the 36'30 line. Was accepted, and lasted for 34 years. |
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| Signed in 1817, provided for the disarmament of the Great Lakes and frontier borders and created the longest unfortified border in the world between the US and Canada. |
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Definition
| Signed in 1819, allowed the US to purchase Florida from Spain and gain Spanish assurances that it would abandon its claims in the Oregon Territory. |
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| An address delivered by President Monroe in 1823. Called for non-intervention in Latin America and the end to European colonization. It was designed to check the power of Europe in the Western hemisphere. |
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| Invented the cotton gin in 1793, helping the plantation economy to grow in the South. |
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| Completed in 1825 with funds provided by the state of New York, linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River. Suddenly, the cost of shipping dropped dramatically and led to the growth of port cities along the length of the canal and its terminal points. |
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| Invented the steamboat in 1807. With the steamboat, goods and people could be transported two ways without relying on nature or brute strength. |
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| Members of a backlash movement against these immigrants. They believed that they were the only true "Americans" and railed against the rights of those who had foreign blood. |
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| Also known as Know-Nothing Party. The froup opposed immigration and the election of Roman Catholics to political office. Members of the party met in secret. Formed in 1849 |
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| A new third party that arose in 1832 to challenge the two-party system of Democrats and Whigs (formerly national republicans) |
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| In the mudslinging election of 1824, the votes was split and was left up to the House of Reps to decide. Henry Clay, and opponent of Jackson's rallied behind John Quincy Adams. When Adams became President, he appointed Clay as his secretary of state. This marred the career of the new President. |
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Definition
| A political party built from the National Republican Part, starting in 1836. Was specifically founded to oppose Andrew Jackson. Their ideology mirrored the platform of the old Federalist Party. |
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| A court case where Maryland wanted to collect a tax from the 2nd Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that the federal govt had an implied power to establish the Bank and the state had no right to tax a federal institution. He argued "the power to tax was the power to destroy." This established that federal laws were supreme law of the land and tantamount to state laws. |
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| Marshall Court ruled that the state of New York could not issue a monopoly to a steamboat company because it was in direct conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution, which gives the federal govt control of interstate commerce. Marshall overturned laws that states enacted to challenge the authority of the federal govt. |
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Definition
| Required the payment for purchase of all federal lands be made in hard specie rather than banknotes. This eventually led to Panic of 1837. The goal was to kill the Bank of the US. |
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Definition
| A tariff pushed by New Englanders wanting protection from foreign competition. Arose anger in the South against the "Tariff of Abominations." Resurfaced the argument over nullification. |
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| The Southern Carolina Exposition |
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Definition
| An essay penned by John C. Calhoun outlining the anger of the South in the face of the "Tariff of Abominations," the Tariff of 1828. Expressed the Southern contention that the tariff was unconstitutional, as it severely altered trade with Europe that Southern farmers had become dependent on. Calhoun recommended the states nullify the tariff. This time, he was alone in his protest. |
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Definition
| A debate over the particulars of the Tariff of 1828, or the "Tariff of Abominations." Hayne proposed that Calhoun's doctrine of nullification was the only way to preserve Southern interests and that an alliance between his region and the west was the only way to persevere in the face of the tariff. However, with the phrase "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" Webster successully made nullification and secession equal to treason. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowered the Tariff of 1828 from 45% duties to 35%. This did little to placate Southerners. With Calhoun in the lead, S. Carolina nullified the tariff and threatened to secede. Jackson responded by passing the Force Bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave the President the power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose. Was passed in response to S. Carolina seceding and nullifying the Tariff of 1832. The crisis was averted when Henry Clay made a compromise. |
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Definition
| A system in which Andrew Jackson appointed those who supported his campaign to government positions. Many felt this practice bred corruption. However, it created jobs and led to creation of Jackson's "kitchen cabinet" |
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Definition
| Signed into law in 1830, provided for the immediate resettlement of Native Americans living in Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Illinois. Led to Trail of Tears. |
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Term
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) |
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Definition
| The Court ruled that the tribe was not a sovereign nation and therefore had no right to sue for jurisdiction over its homelands. |
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Term
| Worcester v. Georgia (1832) |
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Definition
| John Marshall ruled that the state of Georgia could not infringe on the Cherokee tribe's sovereignty, thus nullifying Georgia state laws within Cherokee territory. President Jackson was angry and refused to enforce that decision. |
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Definition
| By 1838, all Cherokees had been forcibly removed from the state of Georgia. This trek is known as Trail of Tears because some 4000 Cherokee died en route to Oklahoma. |
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| A religious revival where revivalist preachers began touring the US in the 1820s. Can be traced back to the liberal doctrine espoused by Thomas Jefferson and other deists. |
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Definition
| A Presbyterian minister whose preaching coincided with the full fever pitch of the Second Great Awakening in the 1820s. He appealed to his audience's emotion. His "fire and brimstone sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, which became known as the "burned-over district." |
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Definition
| The idea that humankind could reach a level of perfection that resembled the life of Jesus. Humans could obtain this through faith, hard work, education, and temperance. Was tied to the antebellum social reform movement. |
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| American Temperance Society |
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Definition
| A joined force of revival preacher in the mid-1820s whose aim was to encourage drinkers to limit their intake of alcohol and then eventually take a vow of abstinence. |
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Definition
| Passed in 1851, it completely prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the state. Soon after, 12 other states would pass similar laws. |
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Definition
| Crusaded for the improvement of American mental institutions to care for the nation's mentally ill population. She crusaded relentlessly until patients were removed from prisons and other deplorable conditions. |
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| Leader of the movement to reform the public school system. Before the 1840s, compulsory school attendance was not common. |
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| Began publishing The Liberator in 1831, a newspaper dedicated to the end of slavery. He was quite radical and founded the American Antislavery Society. His radicalism led to a split in the party, into the Liberty Party and the Foreign Antislavery Society (which didn't accept female participation) |
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| A free black who published The North Star, an antislavery journal that chronicled the ugliness of slavery for readers. He argued for legal means of fighting slavery in contrast to other radical abolitionists. |
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Definition
| Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth, among others, helped fugitive slave flee the US through this elaborate network. |
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Definition
| A slave uprising that occurred in 1831. Resulted in the death of over 50 white men, women, and children, and the retaliatory killings of hundreds of slaves. Unfortunately for the abolition movement, rebellions like these signaled to many Americans that freeing slaves would cause massive social problems. |
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Definition
| A trancendentalist who wrote about the state of man. |
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Definition
| A trancedentalist who wrote "On Civil Disobedience" where he advocated passive resistance as a form of justifiable protest, |
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Definition
| Led by "Mother" Ann Lee, were known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding of sexual relations. |
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Definition
| Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 to be the shining example of equality between all members. Was controversial because everything was shared, including spouses. |
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Definition
| Started the trend of "American" fiction by using domestic setting and character types for their stories. Tales such as "Rip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" were all borrowed stories with an Aerican twist. |
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Definition
| A journey that a flood of people took around 1845 towards Texas. |
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Definition
| A Native American Tribe that did much to alter the way of life for many tribes on the Great Plains in the 19th century. They had moved steadily westward since the mid-18th century. Outbreaks of disease often cleared the way for them. By the beginning of the 19th century, they had control over much of the Great Plains. |
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| An apologist who described the "peculiar institution" of slavery as preferable to freedom, as the slaves were cared for by benevolent slave owners. He wrote "Cannibals All" |
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