Term
1. Christopher Columbus
(Arts & Sciences) |
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Definition
-From Spain
-Landed in the Americas on October 12, 1492
-Sailed west originally to find a water route to Asia
-Convinced he found the waterway, thinking the Americas were an extension of China
-Returned with gold, encouraging future exploration |
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2. Amerigo Vespucci
(Arts & Sciences) |
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Definition
-From Portugal
-Explored South America
-Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a "New World"
-A cartographer thought Vespucci's 1497 expedition had landed before Christopher Columbus, therefore the cartographer named the continent "America" |
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Term
3. Treaty of Tordesillas
1493
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Commitment between Spain and Portugal
-Created a Papal Line of Demarcation dividing the New World (east = Portugal, west = Spain)
-Portugal received Brazil
-Later, the Papal line affected colonization in Africa and Asia |
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Term
4. New World
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World
-Mainly located in North & Central America
-Developed "encomienda" system using Native American slaves as labor
-Africans imported later when Native Americans started dying |
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Term
5. Mercantilism
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-Economic philosophy of the 1600s
-Colonies exist to serve the mother country
-The world's wealth is limited, therefore a nation's gain is another's loss
-Mercantilists believed the economy should be regulated by the government |
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6. Queen Elizabeth I
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Protestant successor and establisher
-First woman to successfully hold the throne
-Funded raids on the Spanish New World, forcing Spain to respond with the Spanish Armada |
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Term
7. The Spanish Armada
1588
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England
-Defeated by British, which led to the the eventual decline of the Spanish empire
-England's victory over Spain established England's sea power |
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Term
8. Types of Colonies in the New World
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Charter: colonists are controlled by electors based on an agreed-upon charter
-Royal: had a governor selected by England's kind: the governor then chose lower-ranking officers
-Proprietary: owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king, who chose a governor to rule over the colony |
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9. English Puritanism
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Movement to reform the Church of England to make it more "pure"
-Held Calvinist beliefs i.e. predestination & authority of Scripture over papal authority
-Believed in self-reliance, moral fortitude, and intellectualism, which continues in today's American culture |
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Term
10. Joint-Stock Company
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-Private trading company that raised money for explorers to go to America
-Sold shares to investors, who received payment based off of the profits of the expedition
-Many American corporations are based on the principles of the joint-stock company |
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Term
11. Dutch West India Company
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-Joint-stock company that ran the colonies that later would become New York
-Created a profitable fur trade with the Iroquis
-Developed the patroon system (large estates are given to wealthy men who transport a least 50 families to tend the land) |
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12. Sir Walter Raleigh
1587
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Founded the first English settlement on Roanoke Island
-Returned to the island to find it deserted: the colonists were never found again
-He gave up on colonizing Virginia after Roanoke failure |
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Term
13. St. Augustine, Florida
1598
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Huguenots (French Protestants) go to the New World to freely practice their religion
-Were seen as heretics by the Spanish Catholic Church which oversaw Florida
-Spain sent a force which massacred the French fort's inhabitants
-This settlement was the first permanent European settlement in the US |
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Term
14. Jamestown
est. 1607
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Named after James I, the successor of Elizabeth I
-James I granted charters for colonies in the New World
-1607 Jamestown becomes the first English settlement
-John Smith's leadership kept the colony alive despite location and hostile relationship with Native Americans
-1619 first group of (African) slaves arrive at Jamestown |
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Term
15. "Starving Time"
1609-1610
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Period of starvation for the Jamestown colonists
-Colonists depended on the Native Americans for trade (including food)
-Conflict made trade limited, and the colonists were forced to farm their own food |
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Term
16. Indentured Servitude
1600s
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-People who received immigration passage in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter/company
-Servants enter into contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights
-Had little control over conditions of their work
-Led to harsh & brutal treatment
-Continued until 1670s in which Bacon's Rebellions suggested that the practice was risky
-Owners preferred slave labor instead |
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Term
17. John Rolfe
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-English colonist of Jamestown
-Married Pocahontas
-Created a process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown |
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Term
18. House of Burgesses
1919
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Representative assembly in Virginia
-Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony (free, land-owning men)
-First representative house in America
-Instituted private ownership of land but maintained colonists' rights |
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Term
19. Headright System
introduced in 1618
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-Virginia used this to attract colonists
-Promised 50 acres of land to emigrants, as well as an additional 50 acres for every servant (allows for wealthy to obtain large tracts of land)
-Solidified the use of indentured servitude temporarily |
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Term
20. Separatists and Plymouth
1620
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and thus separated
-Pilgrims first went to Holland, then fled to America via the Mayflower
-Landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts
-Created the Mayflower Compact, which created a majority-based government
-William Bradford became the first governor |
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Term
21. Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I
-Led by John Winthrop, who preached that the new colony should be a model of Christian society ("A Model of Christian Charity")
-Organized, thus did not suffer from the "starving time" that plagued other colonies |
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Term
22. Delaware
1631
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-First settlement in Delaware by Dutch patroons
-Destroyed by Native American attacks
-Switched to English ownership permanently in 1674 |
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Term
23. Maryland
1632
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-First proprietary colony that served as a refuge for English Catholics
-George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland
-Cecilius Calvert (George Calvert's son) helped establish a representative assembly
-Act of Toleration 1649: guarantees religious freedom to all Christians |
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Term
24. Anne Hutchinson
1638
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Claimed to have revelations from God that superseded the Bible
-Accused of antinomian teachings (belief that salvation is attained through faith and grace, not by adherence to morals)
-Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
-Founded Portsmouth, Rhode Island |
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Term
25. Roger Williams & Rhode Island
1636, est. 1644
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Founded Providence in 1636 by buying land from the Native Americans
-Rhode Island was formed by combining Providence & Portsmouth
-Colony granted complete religious toleration |
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Term
26. English Civil War
1641-1651
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Between King Charles I (son of James I) and the English Parliament
-Charles I claimed to rule by divine right: supported by wealthy nobles
-Parliament claimed that it had rights separate from those granted to the king: supported by Puritan merchant class and lesser land owners
-Parliament wins in 1951, resulting in Charles I's execution and Charles II's exile
-Monarchy replaced by the Commonwealth, then by the Protectorate |
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Term
27. Connecticut
corporate colony est. 1662
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Thomas Hooker takes followers to Connecticut River Valley after religious disagreements in Massachusetts
-1639 Fundamental Orders: provide for representative government by those who could vote |
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Term
28. The Carolinas
granted in 1663
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-King Charles II rewarded noblemen with these lands after the 20-year Puritan revolution in England
-Hierarchical society
-Colonists came from Barbados, and the form of slavery that came was very harsh
-North Carolina separated in 1712
-Rebellion in 1719 led to royal intervention: the Carolinas became royal colonies in 1729 |
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29. New York & New Jersey
est. 1664
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Britain conquered the Dutch lands in America
-Charles II gave the land to his brother James, Duke of York
-Residents received self-government until James became King James II
-New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony and eventually became a royal colony |
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Term
30. Quakers
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Believed:
-That human religious institutions were unnecessary
-That revelations could be received directly from God (thus little importance is place on the Bible)
-In pacifism
-In social equality and independence (including slavery and decent treatment of Native Americans)
-Denounced established institutions |
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Term
31. William Penn
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers
-Guaranteed a representative assembly
-Guaranteed full religious freedom |
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Term
32. Black Slaves in the 1600s
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-In the later 1600s, increased importation began
-Often referred to as "chattel"
-Became seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children |
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Term
33. John Locke and the Natural Law
(Arts & Sciences) |
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Definition
-Natural Law overthrew the idea of a social contract (in which people accepted restrictions on themselves for the benefit of society)
-States that if life, liberty, and property were not protected, governments can be overthrown justly |
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Term
34. Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)
(Economy & Business) |
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Definition
-European merchants bought slaves
-Merchants sold slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco)
-Commodities sold in Europe
-Thrived because each could get the resources needed using available resources |
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Term
35. Navigation Acts
1650-1673
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Goods from the New World could only go to Britain or another New World Port
-Meant to benefit the British Empire and stunt its rival, Holland
-Increased tension between Britain and the colonies |
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Term
36. Effects of the Navigation Acts (1650-1673)
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Boosted prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding
-Hurt Chesapeake farmers by lowering tobacco prices |
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Term
37. Bacon's Rebellion
1676
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Nathaniel Bacon leads colonial frontiersmen of Virginia against Governor William Berkeley
-Objected against Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from Native Americans
-Bacon and followers raided Native American tribes, and when arrested by Berkeley, set fire to Jamestown
-Berkeley ended the rebellion with British military forces
-American colonies turned towards slaves for labor instead of servants |
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Term
38. New Hampshire
corporate colony est. 1677
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-King Charles II established it as a royal colony, dependent on Massachusetts
-Weeks before signing the Declaration of Independence, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution that proclaimed its independence from Britain |
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Term
39. Dominion of New England
1686-1689
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Administrative body created by King James II to oversee the British colonies
-Governor-in-Chief Edmund Andros outlawed town meetings and disputed land titles, causing the Dominion to become very unpopular |
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40. Half-way Covenant
1690s
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of the unconverted to participate in some church affairs
-Shows the decline of zealous piety |
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41. Salem Witch Trials
1692
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Young girls of Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of neighbors
-Those "witches" were executed
-Estimated to be because of political and class divisions, economic stress of providing for growing families, and gender bias that women were more likely to follow evil |
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42. The Enlightenment
1700s
(Arts & Sciences) |
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Definition
-Deism: the universe was created by God, then abandoned; all things were explainable by reason
-Came from Europe to the New World to fuel the drive for intellectualism and society
-Important Enlightenment writers: Isaac Newton, John Locke, René Descartes |
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43. Georgia
chartered in 1732
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-James Oglethorpe chartered the colony
-The colony served as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida |
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44. John Peter Zenger
(Legal Issues) |
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Definition
| -1735 acquitted of libel charges in New York City, setting a precedent for freedom of the press |
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45. The First Great Awakening
1720s-1740s
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Religious revivals that occurred throughout the colonies
-Emphasized personal repentance and faith to avoid Hell
-Suggested equality between God and the Bible
-Important preachers: George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards |
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Term
46. Jonathan Edwards
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Preacher of the Great Awakening
-Emphasized: religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" |
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47. French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
1748-1763
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes in Ohio
-George Washington gains military fame in one of the many battles |
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Term
48. Albany Plan
1754
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Delegates from the seven colonies meet in New York to discuss plan for collective defense
-Benjamin Franklin proposes a plan for an intercolonial government, which is rejected
-Sets a precedent for uniting in the face of a common enemy |
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49. William Pitt
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Britain's prime minister
-Led Britain to destroy the French Empire in North America
-Ended French and British hostilities with the Treaty of Paris of 1763 |
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50. Treaty of Paris
1763
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Ended the Seven Years War
-Treaty ended salutary neglect, in which Britain had ignored its colonies |
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51. Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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Definition
-Britain needed money to make up for the war, set a series of acts and taxes on American goods
-Americans become very unhappy with Britain |
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52. Benjamin Franklin
(Society & Culture) |
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Definition
-Writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, philosopher
-Wrote Poor Richard's Almanac & Pennsylvania Gazette
-Served in Second Continental Congress
-Drafter & signer of the Declaration of Independence |
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53. Writs of Assistance
(Legal Issues) |
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Definition
-Court orders that allows officials to conduct random searches to stop smuggling
-James Otis argued that these searches are contrary to Natural Law
-Sets a precedent for the Fourth Amendment, protecting against unreasonable searches and seizures |
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54. Proclamation of 1763
1763
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Result of Pontiac's Rebellion
-Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians |
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55. Sugar Act
1764
(Domestic Policies) |
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Definition
-Taxed imports to America to raise revenue for England
-Taxed imported goods such as wine, cloth, coffee, silk
-Strictly enforced unlike the Molasses Act of 1733 |
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56. Quartering Act
1765
(Domestic Policies) |
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57. Stamp Act
1765
(Domestic Policies) |
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58. Declaratory Act
1766
(Domestic Policies) |
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59. Samuel Adams
(Society & Culture) |
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60. Stamp Act Congress
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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61. Townshend Acts
1767
(Domestic Policies) |
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62. Virtual Representation
(Domestic Policies) |
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63. Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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64. Tea Act and Boston Tea Party
1773
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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65. The Intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts)
1774
(Domestic Policies) |
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66. Methods of Colonial Resistance
1770s
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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67. First Continental Congress
1774
(Domestic Policies) |
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68. Battles of Lexington and Concord
1775
(Wars & Foreign Relations) |
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69. Second Continental Congress
1775
(Domestic Policies) |
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| 80. Western Land Cessions |
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| 81. Treaty of Paris, 1783 |
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| 82. Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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