Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small Settlements
Great Plains --> Buffalo Herds |
|
|
Term
| Adena, Hopewell, Missippian, Iroquois |
|
Definition
Mound Building Cultures
Larger Societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complex Civilizations.
Located in Central and South America.
Francisco Pizzarro --> Incas
Cortez --> Aztecs |
|
|
Term
Europe Moves Toward Exploration
|
|
Definition
There were several reasons to why Europe goes to want to explore the New World and also reasons which enabled them to do so.
Several we will go over:
Religious Conflicts
New Improvements in Technology
Want of Power in Trade |
|
|
Term
Improvements in Technology
|
|
Definition
During the Renaissance scientific curiousity -- technological change
Ex: Gunpowder, compass, shipbuilding, mapmaking |
|
|
Term
| Significance of 1492 Columbus |
|
Definition
| Columbus wanted a sponsor for his exploration of a new route toward Asia. After several attempts, he reached no luck, However, in 1492, Spain won against the Moors who had temporarily took over Spain. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand symbolized hope, leadership, and power for the country. In 1492, Columbus sails to explore the New Route. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When those in Europe revolted against the pope in Rome.
- Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants
- Lead to the major reason to explore other areas to convert people and spread their faith to non-native people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Econ. motives for exploration due to competition among European Kingtoms in Africa, India, and China |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rich Asian trade around Africa:
Discovered long sea route around the Cape of Good Hope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used Cape of Good Hope route to sail to India. HE was the first explorer to do so. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country where majority of people share both a common culture and loyalty. For example, Portugal's Henry the Navigator and Isabella and Ferdinand wanted to search for riches abroad and spread RC influence in oversea dominions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= Looked everywhere for financial support for 8 years.
= In 1492, got support from Isabella and Ferdinand
= Spaniards looked at him as a failure because he never found the Indies --> only "New World" |
|
|
Term
Exchanges and interactions with Indians
|
|
Definition
= new food
= new diseases
Biological and cultural exchanges. |
|
|
Term
Papal Line of Demarcation 1493
|
|
Definition
Spain and Portugal had disputes --> turned to the pope
1493 --> Pope drew a certical NS line on a world map.
Everything to the left (west) was for Spain.
Everything to the right (east) was for Portugal. |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 |
|
Definition
- moved line a couple degrees to the west
- two disputed kingdoms signed treaty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Journey across the Isthmus of Panama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spanish dominance was marked by more than the Treaty of Tordesillas and the papal line of demarcation. It was also do to conquistadors like Balboa, Magellan, Cortez,and Pizzarro. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After seizing the wealth of the Indian Empire, an encomienda system was put in place. This was when the King of Spain granted lands to individual spaniards. Indians were then subjected to farm and work in mines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because Indians did not have the kind of defense mechanisms to ward off European diseases, Spaniards then turend to bringing slaves from West Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| England's earliest claims to territory --> EXPLORED NEWFOUNDLAND |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wanted to find Northwest Passage to lead Americas to Asia --> explored part of North America's Eastern Coast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explored St.Lawrence River -- claims for French were based on his explorations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st Permanent FRENCH SETTLEMENT in America est. by SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN 'Father of New France' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explored the UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Explored Mississippi Basin --> named LOUISIANA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sought Northwest Passage --> sailed up river (Hudson River) est. area around it as NEW AMSTERDAM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| England gained reputation as major naval power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reasons for English settlement
|
|
Definition
1) Population growth was at an all time high --> people were homeless
2) Joint Stock Company: pooled savings of people to support trading ventures
3) Religious Refuge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of investors who sought to invest in certain profit making interests such as colonies / profit making ventures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st attempt to settle in NA
-- Sponsored settlement on Roanoke Island
-- colony disappears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jamestown was funded by this joint stock company. King James I charters the VA company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Settled by very rich people who expected to get rich by finding gold
1) arrived during severe drought
2) major problems with diseases due to swampy area
3) were very lazy
many died and the colony would have perished completely without the help of John Smith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Implemented harsh martial law on those in Jamestown -- pretty much prevented them from completely dying out. |
|
|
Term
| Starving time 1609-1610: Powhaten Confed. |
|
Definition
| This was in 1609-1610. When those in the Jamestown colony were suffering from starvation. The Powhatan confederacy, who sought allies to combat their enemies, friended the English settlers. They tought them how to plant crops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helped Jamestown because thought new arrivals would help consolidate power over neighboring tribes.
Cultural misunderstandings:
1) Leaders were not autocratic --. English used to dealing with absolutist figures
2) Property ownership -- Indians -- Land was communal no buying or selling.
3) English didn't care about their culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Est. Tobacco Industry which was the crop that saved Jameston. Because of the est. of tobacco. -- workers were needed to do the job. VA company met this need for labor by recruiting indentured servants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powhatan Confederacy made last attempt to gain control of the region -- failed and was forced to sign treaty to be under colony power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In exchange for free transportation to a colony --> would agree to work on a plantation for a certain number of years --> later would recieve freedom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
VA Company introduced this as a means of attracting new settlers to the region.
"Headrights" is a tract of land usually 50 acres or so who were granted to colonists or settlers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The 1st Africans came to VA arrived in 1619 abroad a slave ship operated by a Dutch trader.
This helped combat the labor shortage due to the intensive labor required for tobacco. |
|
|
Term
| King James I revokes charter |
|
Definition
| Due to VA Colony becoming bankrupt, the charter for VA was revoked and colony came under direct rule of King James I as a ROYAL COLONY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any PROPERTY HOLDING WHITE MALE could vote. All decisions were approved by the VA Company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st) Plymouth
2nd) NA Bay Colony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wanted to "purify" the church due to the creation of the Anglican Church from Catholic influences.
- James saw Puritans as a threat to the church and often persecuted them and jailed them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This was a colony est. by Separatists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wanted to completely organize a separate church and thus separate from the Catholic Anglican Church.
- Left in search of religious freedom
- Pilgrims went 1st to Holland, but although let them freely practice religion -- also let everyone else -- and didn't want children to be influenced, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pilgrims set sail for VA in Mayflower. Fewer than 100 were Separatists -- the rest were for economic motives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
While on board travelers signed agreement.
- Est. Legal Authority and assembly
- Recognize that authority was from the majority of the people and not from God.
- first draft of the Constitution
- "Civil Body Politic" |
|
|
Term
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629)
|
|
Definition
| Congregationalists due to the persecution of the Puritans by Charles I gained royal charter for Massachusetts Bay Company (1629). They wanted to not separate, but reform the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They did not want to entirely separate from the church, but rather just reform the Anglican Church as a whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Est. "City Upon a Hill" concept -- had a special mission -- urged colonists to be a beacon for all to look up to |
|
|
Term
"Great Puritan Migration"
|
|
Definition
| when Congregationalists wanted to come to MA due to religious persecution in the 1630s |
|
|
Term
Early Political Institutions
|
|
Definition
1) Mayflower Compact -- which rep. early form of colonial self government and earliest rudimentary form of the Constitution.
2) Rep. Gov @ Jamestown --
1619 House of Burgesses --> organized 1st rep. assembly in which any white, property holding white mal would vote.
3) Rep Government @ MA -- (religious)
- limited by important democratic actions
- all male members of the Puritan church had Right to participate in yearly elections of the colony's gov., his assistants, and the rep assembly.
*** Those who were landless/female had few rights -- slaves/indentured servants had nothing at all. |
|
|
Term
The 13 Colonies and the British Empire
|
|
Definition
| Total of 13 distinctly different English colonies developed along the Atlantic Coast. Every colony had an identity and authority, which was established by a charter. A charter is th relationship that was supposed to exist between the colony and the crown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ex: Jamestown: Operated by joint stock company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ex: VA 1624
Were under direct authority and rule of the King's government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MD & PA were under the authority of the individual granted charters of ownership by the King. |
|
|
Term
| The Chesapeake Colonies (MD&VA) |
|
Definition
Maryland 1632
Virginia 1624 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= In 1632 King Charles I subdivided the vast area that had been the VA colony. Chartered a new colony on either side of the Chesapeake Bay --> granted control of it to George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a reward for his nobleman's loyal service ofthe crown.
= Catholic haven
*** King wanted to est. proprietorships rather than granting colonial charters --> give him more control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cecil Calvert carried out his Father's Plan, George Calvert, in 1634 --> Act of Toleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This act was to avoid intolerance and persecution due to the large number of protestant farmers when Catholics emigrated to MD. Protestants held the majority of representative assembly in MD. So, in 1649 -- Cecil Calvert persuaded the assembly to pass this in order to grant religious freedom to all Christians. |
|
|
Term
Protestant Revolt ** Maryland
|
|
Definition
| Late 1600s, brief civil war erupted when resentment from Protestant toward Cecil Calvert erupted. Act of Toleration (1649) was repealed. Catholics lost their right to vote in Maryland General Assembly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virginia was est. in 1624 as a royal colony. In the late 1700s, Virgina encountered numerous political problems such as Bacon's Rebellion and overproduction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SIR WILLIAM BERKELEY, the royal governor of VA, adpated policies that favored large planters and gov. largely on their behalf. Antagonized backwood farmers VA were not protected by Sir William Berkeley and resented him. So, a man named NATHANIEL BACON stood up for the Western farmer and helped lead a rebellion against Bacon's government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was basically was the target of Bacon's Rebellion due to his policies and attitude toward the backwood farmers in VA. He favored the wealthy planters and governed largely on their behalf. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stood up for the backwood farmer in the Western frontier and staged a rebellion against Sir William Berkeley's Government. Resented political control of the wealthy planters in Chesapeake Area. |
|
|
Term
What happened during Bacon's Rebellion?
|
|
Definition
| NATHANIEL BACON raised an army of volunteers and in 1676 conducted a series of raid against Indian Villiages and VA frontier. Bacon successfully defeated and burned down Jamestown, but died from dystentry later, as well as his army. |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of Bacon's Rebellion? |
|
Definition
= Sharp classes differences
= Colonial resistance to royal authority
These remained 2 long lasting disputes in colonial VA. |
|
|
Term
| Characeristics of Chesapeake Colony |
|
Definition
1) unhealthy climate
2) raised the mortality rate b/c of disease / attacks
3) uneven ratio of M:W (usually men were coming over)
*** Labor Shortage was due to tobacco industry requiring intensive labor that was not available. |
|
|
Term
Labor shortage in Chesapeake.
|
|
Definition
1) Indentured Servants: under contract of a master of a land owner, young people agreed to work for a specific period of time. At the end, they gained freedom and worked for wages/obtained land for their own farm.
2) Head right System: another method for attracting immigrants. VA company offered 50 acres of land to those who paid for their passage over.
3) Slavery 1619: the 1st Africans to come to VA arrived in 1619 abroad a slave ship operated by a Dutch trader. At first, Africans were not slaves for life and were treated roughly the same as indentured servants. In the 1660s, the House of Burgesses enacted laws that discriminated bet. blacks and whites. |
|
|
Term
The New England Colonies (Development)
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rhode Island How did it come to be? |
|
Definition
Roger Williams came into the MA Bay Colony and revered as a respected Puritan minister. HE taught that an individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil and church authority -- advocating that there was to be a separation between the church and state. Also, that the King was wrong dealing with the Indians. He was then banished from the MA bay colony.
EST. COLONY IN NARANGASETT BAY - PROVIDENCE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roger Williams came into the MA Bay colony and was revered as a respected Puritan minister. He taught that an individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil and church authority. Advocated that there was a to be a separation between church and state. He was then banished from the MA Bay colony --> est. Colony in Narangasett Bay -- Providence. |
|
|
Term
| Narangasett Bay - Providence |
|
Definition
When Roger Williams came into the MA Bay colony and was banished because of his beliefs because they were against traditional Puritan beliefs.
When he was banished, he set up a colony at Narangasett Bay
1) Rights Native Americans and to pay them for usage of their lands
2) Complete religious toleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
She believed in antimonianism -- the idea that faith alone, not deeds, are necessary for salvation. Founded Colony of Portsmouth.
Portsmouth and Providence --> Rhode Island |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverend Thomas Hooker led a large group of Boston Puritans in Conn. River Valley and founded Hartford in 1636. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led a large group of Boston Puritans to Hartford Connecticut in 1636. |
|
|
Term
The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
|
|
Definition
1st written constitution written up.
Established a REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT consisting of a legislature elected by the popular vote and a governor was chosen by the legislature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Charles II separated NH from Mass bay Colony.
Last colony to be founded. JOHN DAVENPORT founded New Haven colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Davenport founded colony called New Haven. Charles II separated NH from Mass Bay Colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1660s generation had passed since the founding of the 1st Purtian Colonies. The new native born generation showed signs of being less concerned / committed to religious faith and have interested in material success.
** THE HALFWAY COVENANT OFFERED THOSE WHO PROFESSED LIMITED RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT AND PEOPLE COULD NOW TAKE PART IN CHURCH SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES WITHOUT MAKING FORMAL DECLARATION OF THEIR TOTAL BELIEF IN CHRIST
** Women were mostly involved at the church at this time b/c they recieved equality within the church that their society did not provide and also that they were afraid they were going to die in childbirth. |
|
|
Term
New England Confederation 1643
|
|
Definition
1640s NE colonies were constantly faced with threat of attack from Native Americans, Dutch, and French
*** NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION FORMED TO COMBAT THE DUTCH, THE NATIVE AMERICANS, THE FRENCH
NE COLONIES: PMCN
PLYMOUTH, MASS. BAY, CONNECTICUT, NEW HAVEN |
|
|
Term
Importance of New England Confederation (1643) Ends (1684)
|
|
Definition
| Importance because established precedent for colonists taking unified action for common purpose. |
|
|
Term
King Philips War (1675-1676)
|
|
Definition
NE Confederation helped NE colonists deal with threat by Native Americans.
KING PHILIP (Metacomb) -- head of the WAMPANOAGS united many tribes against New England settlers were constantly encroaching on NA lands. Thousands were killed on both sides and villages and towns were burned. Eventually, NE COLONIES DEFEATED METACOMB'S FIGHT AGAINST THEM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These were New American colonies founded in the late 17th Century during England period of history known as Restoration.
***Restoration of power of an English Monarch --> followed by brief period of Puritan Ruler Oliver Cromwell.
THE CAROLINAS:
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As a reward for helping him gain throne --> Charles II granted a huge tract of land to 8 nobles. Land was between VA and Spanish Florida. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhabitants:
- England Colonists
- Barbados planters settled
1st Econ:
-- fur + providing food for West Indies
-- mid 18th century --> large ricing growing plantation worked by African Slaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhabitants: VA and NE farmers --> Tobacco farms.
**less reliance on slavery
** earned representative for democratic views and autonomy from GB control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Charles II wanted to consolidate Crown's power on the Atlantic Coast. Required to compel dutch to give up colony of New Amsterdam
** 1664 King granted his brother, Duke of York, land lying between CONN AND DE BAY |
|
|
Term
Duke of York (James II) 1685 New York Royal Colony
|
|
Definition
| Was granted in 1664 land lying between Conn and DE Bay. James dispatched force that took control of the Dutch colony from its governor Peter Stuyvesant. Renamed Dutch Colony (NY) -- treat Dutch well, keep culture, and worship freely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New York was seen as daunting to administer. So James in 1664 gave friends Lord John Berkely and Sir George Carteret section of colony located between Hudson River and DE Bay. |
|
|
Term
Sir John Berkely and Sir George Carteret
|
|
Definition
| Section of colony located between Hudson River and DE Bay. Sold proprietary interests to groups of Quakers. ** Crown declared New Jersey as Royal Colony |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the population in the Massachusetts colony grew, settlers began looking for new places to live. One obvious choice was the Connecticut Valley, a fertile region with lots of access to the sea. The area was inhabited by the Pequots and waged a war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Young convert to quaker faith.
Father was a "victorious admiral to service of king"
Royal debt was due to admiral due to such great service and was then paid in form of a grant of land in the Americas for a colony which he called PA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penn wanted to test his ideas in the form of Quaker beliefs.
1) Quaker religious refuge
2) Enact liberal ideas in government
3) Generate incomes and profits for himself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provided colony with this --> guaranteed a rep. assembly elected by landowners, written constitution. |
|
|
Term
Charter of Liberties (1701)
|
|
Definition
Religious freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
= attempted to treat Native Americans fairly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Penn granted lower 3 counties in PA their own assembly --> created Delaware as separate colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extensive usage of African slaves in American Colonies began when colonists from the Caribbean settled the Carolinas. Until then, indentured servants had satisfied labor requirements in the colonies. Rice farming and tobacco farming become more widespread. Although slavery had existed since 1619, this marked the first time of the beginning of the slave era in the colonies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The shipping route that brought the slaves to the Americas was called the Middle Passage because it was the "middle leg" of the triangular trade route among the colonies, Europe, and Africa.
Conditions:
inhumane
many committed suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The colonies, Europe, and Africa all traded with eachother. |
|
|
Term
Crops of Chesapeake and Carolina
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Georgia the last colony 1733 |
|
Definition
Governed by James Ogelthorpe, this colony was within British interest because of 2 reasons
1) To act as a buffer of Spanish attacks from Florida -- to protect South Carolina's planations
2) To relieve overcrowded jails, where debtors were put .
There he implemented a strict set of rules and laws such as no drinking and slavery. This did not work. Also, due to constant threat of Spanish attack -- it did not prosper. So, in 1752 James gave up his plan and GA was then made into a royal colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Was the governor of Georgia in 1733. Implemented strict laws in order to help colony thrive. 1) Prevented drinking of rum 2) prohibition of slavery. This didn't work. Also, due to constant threat of Spanish attacks -- the plan did not work. So, then in 1752 GA was then made into a royal colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This was an economic policy adopted, which was based on trade, accumulation of wealth, and control. Basically, it was the idea that one country exploits colonies in order to make a profit. The colonies would provide its parent country with raw materials and the country would then take those raw materials and use them in its industries. The colonies were only used for one purpose which was to enrich its parents country. |
|
|
Term
Navigation Acts (1650-1673)
|
|
Definition
This was an implementation of the economic policy of mercantilism. The whole idea behind mercantilism was to acquire as many resources (the colonies) in order to maintain a profit for the country. Great Britain was after control of colonies, bullionism, and to have as much regulation of trade as possible.
1) trade to and from colonies would be carried only by English or colonial built ships
2) All goods imported into the colonies could only pass through ports in England
3) specified goods could only be exported to England only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Britain soon discovered that it costs more to implement the Navigational Acts than to just let the colonies be. The Navigational Acts were stated in written law, but were not implemented. All Britain cared about was that they still recieved a profit, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Was crowned in 1685 and while King wanted to have more power over the colonies in New England. He did this by abolishment of representative assemblies and therefore instituted the "Dominion of New England" which was made up of: NJ, NY, some NE COLONIES. |
|
|
Term
Dominion of New England 1686
|
|
Definition
| The Dominion of New England was established in 1686 and was made up by James II. This was to abolish all representative assemblies and enforce a stricter control among the colonies. Sir Edmund Andros was placed as governor and was not well liked for a couple reasons. 1) Levied taxes 2) Would not allow town meetings. An uprising was soon held against him later on. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sir Edmund Andros was placed as the governor of the Dominion of New England in 1686 by James II (who was crowned in 1685). He was not liked because 1) Levied Taxes 2) would not allow any town meetings. An uprising was soon held against him. |
|
|
Term
| Glorious Revolution (1688) |
|
Definition
| This marked the fall of James II (1685) who was replaced by William and Mary. This ended James II's Dominion of New England. |
|
|
Term
| Afer Glorious Revolution... |
|
Definition
| Colonial restrictions, although poorly implemented, were still resented and widely resisted. |
|
|
Term
Slavery once again after GR (1688)
|
|
Definition
| Slavery was increasing in the 17th century. Beginning in 1619 with the labor shortage of indentured servants due to labor intensive tobacco -- it all started. Then also, in South Carolina, upon its creation -- rice plantations needed a heavy workforce and then recruited slaves into South Carolina. Now, in 1750, SC = 2/3 were Black, VA 1/2 were black. |
|
|
Term
| Increased demand for slaves |
|
Definition
1) reduced migration: those in England were being paid more
2) dependable work force: the large plantation owners were being scared by the uprising of poor farmers and indentured servants. They wanted to make sure they would be able to control their slaves.
3) Cheap Labor: As tobacco prices fell ,rice and indigo became the most profitable crops --> needed workers. |
|
|
Term
Racism starts to begin in colonial colonies |
|
Definition
| As the slave population increased, American colonists began to view those who were black with a sort of "inferiority complex" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Triangular trade route was used by NE merchants in which they made a very large profit. First part of the triangle started in Boston (or a new england port) where they sent rum in exchange for slaves in western africa. After that was done, it was slaves were then exchanged for sugar in the Indies. From the Indies, the sugar was then sent to the NE ports to be made into rum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Africans would go on Middle Passage during the Triangular trade route to be exchanged for sugar can in the West Indies. |
|
|
