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Definition
| Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which outlawed “closed” shops, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required that union leaders take non-communist oaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Operation Dixie was a post-war campaign to unionize industry in the Southern United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| This made it government policy to ‘promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power’, and created a council of Economic Advisors to provide the president with data to make policy a reality. |
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Term
| Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) |
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Definition
| This allowed all servicemen to have free college education upon return from the war. |
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Definition
| The man who wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. |
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Definition
| A group of 15 southern U.S. who’s population enjoyed a dramatic increase in population. Political power grew here as well, as every single president since 1964 has come from that region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered being the Northeastern United States, many shifted away from this location to the Sunbelt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the manufacturing belt, this was the Northeastern U.S. as well, and portions of the eastern Midwest. |
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Term
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Definition
| From the innovative Levitt brothers, thousands of houses in one project was built from the ground up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence where many whites fled from the city to the suburbs, this left the cities ‘brown, black, and poor |
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Term
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Definition
| Following World War II, many married their sweethearts and began to have babies. This came in the form of baby-boom in which generations ahead will feel the shockwave of. |
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Term
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Definition
| A final conference of the big three, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, gathering in February of 1945. It was here where Stalin pledged Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania should have a represented government, he later denied it, breaking the promise. During the conference, Stalin promised to attack Japan 3 months after Hitler fell, however the U.S. was already on the verge of winning the war, and it seems that the U.S.S.R. did it for the spoils of war. In the end, the Soviet Union was granted rights to the Manchurian Railroads, and received special privileges to Dairen and Port Arthur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political stare-down between the two superpowers of the world, Capitalism vs. Communism; it lasted nearly 4 and a half decades. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severely punished 22 top culprits of the holocaust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crafted by Soviet specialist George F. Kennan, which stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power. |
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Term
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Definition
| This stated that the U.S. would support any nation fighting Communistic aggression, an idea later criticized because America would be giving money to dictators ‘fighting communism’ |
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Term
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Definition
| He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which outlawed “closed” shops, made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves, and required that union leaders take non-communist oaths. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Operation Dixie was a post-war campaign to unionize industry in the Southern United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| This made it government policy to ‘promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power’, and created a council of Economic Advisors to provide the president with data to make policy a reality. |
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Term
| Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) |
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Definition
| This allowed all servicemen to have free college education upon return from the war. |
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Term
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Definition
| The man who wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of 15 southern U.S. who’s population enjoyed a dramatic increase in population. Political power grew here as well, as every single president since 1964 has come from that region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered being the Northeastern United States, many shifted away from this location to the Sunbelt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the manufacturing belt, this was the Northeastern U.S. as well, and portions of the eastern Midwest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| From the innovative Levitt brothers, thousands of houses in one project was built from the ground up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The occurrence where many whites fled from the city to the suburbs, this left the cities ‘brown, black, and poor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Following World War II, many married their sweethearts and began to have babies. This came in the form of baby-boom in which generations ahead will feel the shockwave of. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A final conference of the big three, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, gathering in February of 1945. It was here where Stalin pledged Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania should have a represented government, he later denied it, breaking the promise. During the conference, Stalin promised to attack Japan 3 months after Hitler fell, however the U.S. was already on the verge of winning the war, and it seems that the U.S.S.R. did it for the spoils of war. In the end, the Soviet Union was granted rights to the Manchurian Railroads, and received special privileges to Dairen and Port Arthur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A political stare-down between the two superpowers of the world, Capitalism vs. Communism; it lasted nearly 4 and a half decades. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Severely punished 22 top culprits of the holocaust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crafted by Soviet specialist George F. Kennan, which stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power. |
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Term
|
Definition
| This stated that the U.S. would support any nation fighting Communistic aggression, an idea later criticized because America would be giving money to dictators ‘fighting communism’ |
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Term
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Definition
| He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Truman’s secretary of state, Marshall implemented the Marshall Plan, a miraculous recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
| This helped in forming the European Community (EC), this plan sent 12.5 billion over four years to sixteen cooperating nations; it got Europe back on its feet in no time, although Congress was iffy of signing the bill. That is, until Soviets threw over Czech government |
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Term
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Definition
| It creating the Department of Defense. The department was to be housed in the sprawling Pentagon building on the banks of the Potomac and to be headed by a new cabinet officer, the secretary of defense. The National Security Act also established the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government’s foreign fact gathering |
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Term
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Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the U.S. joined Britain, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1048. NATO considers an attack on one of their nations an attack on all, a strange choice for the Americans who have followed a policy in not engaging in entangling alliances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The communist leader of China, he overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek, causing China to fall under communism hands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hydrogen bomb, this was an advancement of the nuclear bomb, U.S. exploded their first in 1952, Soviet Union followed suit 1 year later. |
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Term
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Definition
| This investigated nearly 3 million people, checking if they were communist or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was prosecuted by Richard M. Nixon in 1948. |
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Term
| McCarran Internal Security Bill |
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Definition
| Vetoed by Truman, this would’ve allowed the president to arrest and detain suspicious people during an “internal security emergency” |
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Term
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg |
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Definition
| Brought to trial as spies for the Soviet Union, they were electrocuted; this was cruel punishment and left the nation sober up in the zeal of red hunting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as the Southern Democrats, who nominated Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outlined by Truman after his presidential victory, this called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, a new Tennessee Valley Authority, and an extension of Social Security. However, the only successes came in raising the minimum wage, providing for public housing in the Housing Act of 1949, and extending old-age insurance to more beneficiaries with the Social Security Act of 1950. |
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Term
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Definition
| National Security Council Memorandum, they desired the quadrupling of money towards the Korean war effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| The location where General MacArthur launched a brilliant invasion behind enemy lines, Korean were drove all the way back to the 38th parallel. |
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Term
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Definition
| After the rise of feminism and the fight for women's rights, the cult of domesticity arose again in the 1950s when television began to present shows that depicted fictional families where the mother would stay at home with the children while the man went to work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traditional women’s jobs which lead nowhere in the real world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by Betty Friedan, this was an instant best-seller and a classic of modern feminine protest literature. Betty Friedan was the godmother of the feminist movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chief revolutionary was Elvis Presley, a white singer born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi. Fusing black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles, Elvis created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll |
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Term
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Definition
| Elected to the Senate on the basis of a trumped-up war-hero record, McCarthy had crashed into the limelight in February 1950 when he accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of knowingly employing 205 Communist party members. Pressed to reveal the names, McCarthy later conceded that there were only 57 genuine communists and in the end failed to root out even one. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A Mississippi mob lynched black fourteen-year-old Emmett Till in 1955 for allegedly leering at a white woman. It is small wonder that a black clergyman declared that “everywhere I go in the South the Negro is forced to choose between his hide and his soul.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Jack Roosevelt (“Jackie”) Robinson cracked the racial barrier in big league baseball when the Brooklyn Dodgers signed him in 1947 |
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Definition
| And in 1950 NAACP chief legal counsel Thurgood Marshall (later a Supreme Court justice), in the case of Sweatt v. Painter, wrung from the High Court a ruling that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet the test of equality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rosa Parks, a college-educated black seamstress, made history in Montgomery, Alabama. She boarded a bus, took a seat in the “whites only” section, and refused to give it up. Her arrest for violating the city’s Jim Crow statutes sparked a yearlong black boycott of the city buses and served notice throughout the South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to the absurdities and indignities of segregation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. Barely twenty-seven years old, King seemed an unlikely champion of the downtrodden and disfranchised. Raised in a prosperous black family in Atlanta and educated partly in the North, he had for most of his life been sheltered from the grossest cruelties of segregation. But his oratorical skill, his passionate devotion to biblical and constitutional conceptions of justice, and his devotion to the nonviolent principles of India’s Mohandas Gandhi were destined to thrust him to the forefront of the black revolution that would soon pulse across the South and the rest of the nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief Justice Earl Warren, former governor of California, shocked traditionalists with his active judicial intervention in previously taboo social issues. Publicly snubbed and privately scorned by President Eisenhower, Warren courageously led the Court to address urgent issues that Congress and the president preferred to avoid, as “Impeach Earl Warren” signs blossomed along the nation’s highways |
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Term
| “Declaration of Constitution Principles” |
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Definition
| More than a hundred southern congressional representatives and senators signed the “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” in 1956, pledging their unyielding resistance to desegregation. Several states diverted public funds to hastily created “private” schools, for there the integration order was more difficult to apply. Ten years after the Court’s momentous ruling, fewer than 2 percent of the eligible blacks in the Deep South were sitting in classrooms with whites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas, mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School. Confronted with a direct challenge to federal authority, Eisenhower sent troops to escort the children to their classes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Interstate Highway Act of 1956 |
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Definition
| a $27 billion plan to build forty-two thousand miles of sleek, fast motorways. Laying down these modern, multilane roads created countless construction jobs and speeded the suburbanization of America. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new Soviet premier, the burly apparatchik Nikita Khrushchev, rudely rejected Ike’s call in 1955 for an “open skies” mutual inspection program over both the Soviet Union and the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| The legendary Vietnamese leader, goateed Ho Chi Minh, had tried to appeal personally to Woodrow Wilson in Paris as early as 1919 to support self-determination for the peoples of Southeast Asia. Franklin Roosevelt had likewise inspired hope among Asian nationalists. |
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Term
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Definition
| the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helped to engineer a coup in 1953 that installed the youthful shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, as a kind of dictator. Though successful in the short run in securing Iranian oil for the West, the American intervention left a bitter legacy than two decades later, they took their revenge on the shah and his American allies. |
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Term
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Definition
| President Nasser of Egypt, an ardent Arab nationalist, was seeking funds to build an immense dam on the upper Nile for urgently needed irrigation and power. America and Britain tentatively offered financial help, but when Nasser began to flirt openly with the communist camp, Secretary of State Dulles dramatically withdrew the dam offer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The U.S. president and Congress proclaimed the Eisenhower Doctrine in 1957, pledging U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by communist aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a portentous move, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined with Venezuela in 1960 to form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In the next two decades, OPEC’s stranglehold on the Western economies would tighten to a degree that even Nasser could not have imagined. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was later convicted for jury tampering, served part of his sentence, and disappeared—evidently the victim of gangsters he had crossed. |
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Term
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Definition
| It was designed to bring labor leaders to book for financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics. The new law also prohibited “secondary boycotts” and certain kinds of picketing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eisenhower established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and directed billions of dollars to missile development. After humiliating and well-advertised failures—notably the Vanguard missile, which blew up on national television just a few feet above the ground in 1957—in February 1958 the United States managed to put into orbit a grapefruit-sized satellite weighing 2.5 pounds. By the end of the decade, several satellites had been launched, and the United States had successfully tested its own ICBMs. |
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Term
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Definition
| National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) authorized $887 million in loans to needy college students and in grants for the improvement of teaching the sciences and languages. |
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Term
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Definition
| A result of this tour was a meeting at Camp David, the presidential retreat in Maryland. Khrushchev emerged saying that his ultimatum for the evacuation of Berlin would be extended indefinitely. The relieved world gave prayerful but premature thanks for the “spirit of Camp David.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Ironfisted dictator Fulgencio Batista, in power since the 1930s, had encouraged huge investments of American capital, and Washington in turn had given him some support. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fidel Castro engineered a revolution that ousted Batista. Castro then denounced the Yankee imperialists and began to expropriate valuable American properties in pursuing a land-distribution program. Washington, finally losing patience, released Cuba from “imperialistic slavery” by cutting off the heavy U.S. imports of Cuban sugar. Castro retaliated with further wholesale confiscations of Yankee property and in effect made his left-wing dictatorship an economic and military satellite of Moscow, to the Kremlin’s delighted surprise |
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Term
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Definition
| It provided that Presidents could no longer run for more than two terms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthur Miller brought to the stage searching probes of American values, notably Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, which treated the Salem witch trials as a dark parable warning against the dangers of McCarthyism. |
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Term
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Definition
| He had served the FBI longer than the new attorney general had been alive. He resisted Robert Kennedy’s efforts on recasting the FBI to targeting organized crime and gave no attention to civil rights violations. |
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Term
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Definition
| In August King had 200,000 black and white demonstrators on a peaceful “March on Washington” in support of the proposed legislation. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a black Mississippi civil rights worker who was shot down by a white gunman on the night of Kennedy’s stirring television address. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Johnson treatment was a flashing display of backslapping, flesh-pressing, and arm-twisting that overbore friend and foe alike. |
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Term
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Definition
| The act banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants. It strengthened the federal government’s power to end segregation in schools and other public places. It created the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to eliminate discrimination in hiring. |
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Term
| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
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Definition
| The EEOC was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and eliminated discrimination in hiring. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Civil Rights Act’s Title VII passed with the sexual clause intact. It soon proved to be a powerful instrument of federally enforced gender equality, as well as racial equality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sweeping set of New Dealish economic and welfare measures aimed at transforming the American way of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| With only two dissenting votes in both houses, the lawmakers virtually abdicated their war-declaring powers and handed the president a blank check to use further force in Southeast Asia. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Johnson boasted, was “like grandma’s nightshirt—it covered everything.” |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the first black cabinet secretary in the nation’s history and was a respected economist. |
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Term
| Big-Four legislative achievements |
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Definition
| Aid to education, medical care for the elderly and indigent, immigration reform, and a new voting rights bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| It sharply improved the educational performance of underprivileged youth. Infant mortality rates also fell in minority communities as general health conditions improved. |
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Term
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| It gave the federal government more muscle to enforce school-desegregation orders and to prohibit racial discrimination in all kinds of public accommodations and employment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratified in January 1964, abolished the poll tax in federal elections |
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Term
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Definition
| Watts was a black ghetto in Los Angeles where a bloody riot erupted. Blacks enraged by police brutality burned and looted their own neighborhoods for nearly a week. When the smoke finally cleared over the Los Angeles basin, thirty-one blacks and three whites lay dead, more than a thousand people had been injured, and hundreds of buildings stood charred and gutted. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. He was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, began to preach the doctrine of “Black Power,” which, he said, “will smash everything Western civilization has created.” |
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Term
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Definition
| was the date that Martin Luther King, Jr. was silenced by a sniper’s bullet in Memphis, Tennessee. |
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Term
| “Operation Rolling Thunder” |
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Definition
| Regular full-scale bombing attacks against North Vietnam. Before 1965 ended, some 184,000 American troops were involved, most of them slogging through the jungles and rice paddies of South Vietnam searching for guerrillas |
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Term
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Definition
| Overcommitment in Southeast Asia also tied America’s hands elsewhere. Beleaguered Israel stunned the Soviet-backed Egyptians in the devastating Six-Day War in June 1967. When the smoke cleared, Israel occupied new territories in the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank of the Jordan River, including Jerusalem. The Israeli victory brought some 1 million resentful Palestinian Arabs under direct Israeli control, while another 350,000 Palestinian refugees fled to neighboring Jordan. Although the Israelis eventually withdrew from the Sinai, they refused to relinquish the other areas and began moving Jewish settlers into the heavily Arab district of the West Bank. The Six-Day War markedly intensified the problems of the already volatile Middle East, compressing and focusing the Arab-Israeli conflict into an intractable standoff between the Israelis and Palestinians, now led by Yasir Arafat, head of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Middle East became an ever more dangerously packed powder keg that the war-plagued United States proved powerless to defuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the head of the Palestine Liberation Organization and led the Palestinian conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| It ended in a military defeat but a political victory for the Viet Cong. With an increasingly insistent voice, American public opinion demanded a speedy end to the war |
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Term
| It ended in a military defeat but a political victory for the Viet Cong. With an increasingly insistent voice, American public opinion demanded a speedy end to the war |
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Definition
| He was Nixon’s vice-presidential running mate and was noted for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants |
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Term
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Definition
| He was the former governor of Alabama. In 1963 he had stood in the doorway to prevent two black students from entering the University of Alabama. “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!” he shouted. Wallace jabbed repeatedly at “pointy-headed bureaucrats,” and he taunted hecklers as “bums” in need of a bath |
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Term
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Definition
| He was an attractive young actor whom expressed the restless frustration of many young people during the era |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the first organized protests against established authority broke out at the University of California at Berkeley in 1964, in the aptly named Free Speech Movement |
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Term
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Definition
| The Weathermen was an underground terrorist group that was spawned by antipoverty and antiwar campaigns. Peaceful civil rights demonstrations had given way to blockbusting urban riots. |
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Term
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Definition
| The upheavals of the 1960s could be largely attributed to three P’s: the youthful population bulge, protest against racism and the Vietnam War, and the apparent permanence of prosperity. As the decade flowed into the 1970s, the flower children grew older and had children of their own, the civil rights movement fell silent, the war ended, and economic stagnation blighted the bloom of prosperity. Young people in the 1970s seemed more concerned with finding a job in the system than with tearing the system down |
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Term
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Definition
| President Nixon announced a new policy called “Vietnamization” and it was to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period. The South Vietnamese—with American money, weapons, training, and advice—could then gradually take over the burden of fighting their own war. |
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Term
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Definition
| It proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but that in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large bodies of American ground troops |
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Term
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Definition
| A term set by Vietnamese soldiers. It meant to murder their own officers with fragmentation grenades. |
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Term
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Definition
| My Lai was a Vietnamese village where American troops had massacred innocent women and children. Nixon then widened the war by ordering an attack on Cambodia |
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Term
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Definition
| It lowered the voting age to eighteen |
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Term
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Definition
| A top-secret Pentagon study that documented the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, especially the provoking of the 1964 North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was Nixon’s security advisor that had reached America as a youth when his parents fled Hitler’s anti-Jewish persecutions. In 1969 the former Harvard professor had begun meeting secretly on Nixon’s behalf with North Vietnamese officials in Paris to negotiate an end to the war in Vietnam. He was meanwhile preparing the president’s path to Beijing and Moscow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term to describe relaxed tensions between the two communist powers, China and the Soviet Union which lead to several significant agreements in 1972. |
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Term
| New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) |
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Definition
| The Court ruled unanimously that public figures could sue for libel only if they could prove that “malice” had motivated their defamers, opening a wide door for freewheeling criticism of the public actions as well as the private lives of politicians and other officials |
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Term
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Definition
| The Senate in 1969 speedily confirmed his nomination of white-maned Warren E. Burger of Minnesota to succeed the retiring Earl Warren as chief justice. Before the end of 1971, the Court counted four conservative Nixon appointments out of nine members |
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Term
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Definition
| Nixon implemented his new Plan, requiring construction-trade unions to establish “goals and timetables” for the hiring of black apprentices. Nixon may have been motivated in part by a desire to weaken the forces of liberalism by driving a wedge between blacks and trade unions. But whatever his reasoning, the president’s new policy had far-reaching implications. Soon extended to all federal contracts, the Philadelphia Plan in effect required thousands of employers to meet hiring quotas or to establish “set-asides” for minority subcontractors |
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Term
| Environmental Protection Agency |
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Definition
| The Agency was proposed by Nixon and began operation on December 3, 1970, after Nixon submitted a reorganization plan to Congress and it was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| She gave the environmental movement a huge boost in 1962 when she published Silent Spring, an enormously effective piece of latter-day muckraking that exposed the poisonous effects of pesticides. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continuing Vietnam conflict spurred the rise of South Dakota senator George McGovern to the 1972 Democratic nomination. McGovern’s promise to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days earned him the backing of the large antiwar element in the party |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a murderous tyrant who dispatched as many as 2 million of his people to their graves. He was forced from power, ironically enough, only by a full-dress Vietnamese invasion in 1978, followed by a military occupation that dragged on for a decade |
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Term
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Definition
| On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested in the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington after a bungled effort to plant electronic “bugs” in the Democratic Party’s headquarters. They were soon revealed to be working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President—popularly known as CREEP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress invoked the Twenty-fifth Amendment to replace Agnew with a twelve-term congressman from Michigan, Gerald Ford. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a former White House lawyer with a remarkable memory, accused top White House officials, including the president, of obstructing justice by trying to cover up the Watergate break-in and silence its perpetrators. |
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Term
| “Saturday Night Massacre” |
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Definition
| Nixon ordered the “Saturday Night Massacre,” firing his own special prosecutor appointed to investigate the Watergate scandal, as well as his attorney general and deputy attorney general because they had refused to go along with firing the prosecutor. |
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Term
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Definition
| In July 1975 President Ford joined leaders from thirty-four other nations in Helsinki, Finland, to sign several sets of historic accords. One group of agreements officially wrote an end to World War II by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and other Eastern European countries. In return, the Soviets signed a “third basket” of agreements, guaranteeing more liberal exchanges of people and information between East and West and protecting certain basic “human rights.” The Helsinki accords kindled small dissident movements in Eastern Europe and even in the USSR itself, but the Soviets soon poured ice water on these sputtering flames of freedom. |
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Term
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Definition
| It prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program or activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Conservative spokeswoman Phyllis Schlafly led the campaign to stop the ERA. Its advocates, she charged, were just “bitter women seeking a constitutional cure for their personal problems.” |
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Term
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Definition
| He made headlines in 1978 when the Supreme Court, by the narrowest of margins upheld his claim that his application to medical school had been turned down because of an admissions program that favored minority applicants. In a tortured decision, reflecting the troubling moral ambiguities and insoluble political complexities of this issue, the Court ordered the University of California at Davis medical school to admit Bakke, and declared that preference in admissions could not be given to members of any group, minority or majority, on the basis of ethnic or racial identity alone. Yet at the same time, the Court said that racial factors might be taken into account in a school’s overall admissions policy for purposes of assembling a diverse student body. |
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| President Carter met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna to sign the long-stalled SALT II agreements, limiting the levels of lethal strategic weapons in the Soviet and American arsenals. But conservative critics of the president’s defense policies, still regarding the Soviet Union as the Wicked Witch of the East, unsheathed their long knives to carve up the SALT II treaty when it came to the Senate for debate in the summer of 1979 |
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| The Iranian hostage episode was Carter’s and America’s “bed of nails.” The captured Americans languished in cruel captivity, while the nightly television news broadcasts in the United States showed humiliating scenes of Iranian mobs burning the American flag and spitting on effigies of Uncle Sam. |
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