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| the science that seeks to understand behavior and mental processes and to apply that understanding in the service of human welfare |
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| the study of "what goes right"- factors leading to happiness, achievement, creativity, etc. |
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| (aka physiological) explains the role of the brain in behavior/mp |
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(aka experimental) study mental abilities (thinking, memory, intelligence, creativity)
--> engineering psychology = "human factors" research |
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| study of mental processes over a lifetime |
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| study individuality, unique features we each posess |
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| Clinical and counseling psychology |
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| study the causes and treatment of disorders and offer treatment |
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| involves working to ensure services reach those who need it ie) homeless |
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| study relationship between risky behaviors and the likelihood of suffering health problems. also study the impact disease has on behavior |
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| the study of abnormal behavior |
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| conduct research and develop theories about teaching and learning |
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| diagnose disabilities, IQ testing, detect students' mental health problems, crisis intervention |
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study of the ways that people think about themselves and others & how people influence one another
--> w/peer pressure, prejudice |
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| Industrial and organizational psychology |
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conduct research on factors that affect the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of people in the workplace
--> companies promote devel. of positive organizational behavior |
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| develop and use statistical tools to analyze data collected in other areas of psychology |
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Sport psychology
Forensic psychology
Environmental psychology |
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(1) study psych w/athletic performance
(2) deal with issues involving psych and the law
(3) study effects of environ on people's behavior/mp |
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| studies the structure and function of the nervous system in animals/humans at dif levels |
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John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hune
argued that our knowledge comes to us through experience and observation- not imagination or intuition |
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established first formal psych research lab
he focused on consciousness, introspection, brought psych from a philosophy to a science
--> "official" birth date of modern psychology
--> Fechner worked w/ psychophysics there |
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| awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity |
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introspection, studied Wundt's elements of consciousness
--> developed what he called structuralism (defining the structure of consciousness) |
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| German psychologists, against Wundt, pointed out that the whole shape of conscious experience is not the same as the sum of its parts |
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explored the unconscious, all B motivated by psychological processes esp. mental conflict
--> developed PSYCHOANALYSIS |
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FUNCTIONALISM
along Darwinian ideas, emphasis on the function of mental processes |
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BEHAVIORALISM = learning is most important behavior, need to learn to adapt
-studied animals
-B.F. Skinner also supported bhrlsm~ rewards and punishments |
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Edward Titchener (trained by Wilhelm Wundt)
to study conscious experience and its structure |
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Max Wetheimer
to describe the organization of mental processes (whole dif from sum of parts) |
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Sigmund Freud
To explain personality and behavior, develop treatment techniques for disorders |
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WIlliam James
To study how the mind wworks in allowing an organism to adapt to the environment |
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John B. Watson
B.F. Skinner
To study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning principles |
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| physiological processes, synapses, diseases |
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| adaption, natural selection, survival |
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all B driven by sex, aggression, childhood, repression, inner struggles (all underlying/unconscious)
SIgmund Freud
opp. humanistic |
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learning, punishment vs. reward
Skinner/Watson/Pavlov |
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| THINKING, changing one's mind, mental process, planning, pros+cons |
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CHOICES, all behavior based on our decisions- self, free will
seek to satisfy needs-pyramid
opp. Psychodynamic |
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| the accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs, occupational choices, etc. for a group of people who share a common language and environment |
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