Learners are made aware of the grammatical form of features they are already able to use communicatively.

- authentic tasks

- exclusive to communicative task environment

Learners are explicitly taught grammar in order to produce grammar, in the hope that understanding alone will allow the learners to use the form correctly.

1. Will there be a significant difference between FonF and FonFs conditions in the number of unfamiliar words acquired incidentally?

2. Will a subsequent intentional learning stage of the unfamiliar words affect the difference found between the two conditions in the incidental learning stage?

- 158 high-school learners in Israel

- Grade 11

- had studied English for seven years

- some Hebrew L1s, some Arabic L1s

-6 intact classes all following the same curriculum - which emphasized communicative language teaching

- 3 classes assigned to FonF and 3 classes assigned to FonFs

Learners were not told the purpose of the experiment, therefore any vocabulary acquired was incidental.

1. FonF condition were exposed to 12 target words during a reading task (93% coverage). These learners read the text and answered 5 comprehension questions (all answered using their L1).

2. FonFs ccondition did not read the text, but received a list of the 12 target words with their translations and explanations in English. These learners worked on 2 word-focused exercises.

After phase 1, all participants (FonF & FonFs) received a list of the 12 targets words with definitions of meaning, examples, and translations).

Learners were asked to spend 15 mins memorizing the words and were then tested. (L1 translations of target words and learners had to give L2 target words)

Immediate post-tests

L2-L1 test and L1-L2 test : the difference between the 2 conditions was not significant

Delayed post-tests

L2-L1 test and L1-L2 test : the difference between the 2 conditions was not signficant

1. FonF yielded moderate learning results (learners could recall 47% of the target words with immediate testing)

2. FonFs yielded significantly higher results than FonF (72% of the target words)

Discussion - phase 2 / intentional acquisition

Similar results from both groups

Not surprising - intentional learning is a Focus on FormS activity

Therefore all learners performed an FonFs task - producing higher scores than after phase 1