Term
|
Definition
| (Cellular respiration) - mitochondria use O2 to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation and give off CO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchange of gases between atmosphere and body tissues (4 processes) |
|
|
Term
| How many organ systems are involved with external respiration? |
|
Definition
| 2 - respiratory and circulatory |
|
|
Term
| 4 processes of external respiration |
|
Definition
1 - air b/t atmosphere and lungs
2 - O2 and CO2 b/t lung tissue and blood
3 - O2 and CO2 transported in blood
4 - O2 and CO2 b/t systemic tissues and blood |
|
|
Term
| Smallest/final component of the conducting zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas exchange in the pulmonary system occurs by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximate volume on intrapleural space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the pleura? |
|
Definition
| Double-layered membrane of simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Lubrication b/t moving organs
- Compartmentalization of thoracic cavity
- Intrapleural pressure keeps lungs partially expanded |
|
|
Term
| Atmospheric pressure at sea level |
|
Definition
760mmHg
(all other pressures are expressed relative to THIS number) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Palv = Patm
(760 = 760)
no air flow |
|
|
Term
| During inspiration, Palv ___ Patm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During expiration, Palv ___ Patm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure (Pip) |
|
Definition
Pressure in the pleural cavity; changes with ventilation but is always less then Patm (except with pneumothorax)
At rest = -4mmHg rel to Patm |
|
|
Term
| Transpulmonary pressure = ______ |
|
Definition
Palv - Pip
at rest = 4mmHg
relative [(0) - (-4)] = 4mmHg
absolute [760 - 756]=4mmHg |
|
|
Term
| Four primary pressures associated with ventilation |
|
Definition
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Transpulmonary pressure |
|
|
Term
| Pressure gradient that drives ventilation? |
|
Definition
Difference between atmospheric pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
(ΔP = Patm - Palv) |
|
|
Term
| A negative alveolar pressure results in ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath
~ 500mL |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
|
Definition
Max volume of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration
~ 3000mL |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
|
Definition
Max volume of air that can be expired after a normal expiration
~ 1000mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of air left in the lungs following one max expiration
~ 1200mL
*can't be measured by spirometry |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
|
Definition
| Volume of air left in lungs following normal expiration (between breaths) |
|
|
Term
| What keeps the elastic recoil forces of the chest wall and lungs in balance? |
|
Definition
| The negative intrapleural pressure (Pip ~ -4mmHg at rest) |
|
|
Term
| Intrapleural pressure is always |
|
Definition
| less than intra-alveolar pressure and always negative |
|
|
Term
An increase in transpulmonary pressure creates a ______ distending pressure across the lungs and the lungs (alveoli) ______.
(larger/smaller)
(expand/recoil) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in intrapleural pressure would cause |
|
Definition
| a larger transpulmonary pressure. |
|
|
Term
| At rest, the chest wall is __________. |
|
Definition
| compressed (outward recoil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trauma, pneumonia, emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to to the volume of the container (P ∝ 1/V)
Pressure is proportional to the number of molecules in the container (P ∝ n) |
|
|
Term
| Air stops flowing in when |
|
Definition
| alveolar pressure rises to zero |
|
|
Term
| Because ____ is constant, changes in ____ determine the direction of air movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changes in volume of the alveoli are produced by |
|
Definition
| changes in volume of thoracic cavity (respiratory muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory muscles involed with inspiration |
|
Definition
external intercostals
diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory muscles involved with expiration |
|
Definition
passive expiration:
- external intercostals relax
- diaphragm relaxes
active expiration
- internal intercostals
- abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Active expiration would cause an _______ in Palv. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
INSPIRATORY MUSCLES CONTRACT
chest wall (expands/compresses)
(increase/decrease) pull on intrapleural fluid
(increase/decrease) Pip
(increase/decrease) transpulmonary pressure
(increase/decrease)alveolar volume
(increase/decrease) *Palv
(increase/decrease)(Patm - Palv)
(increase/decrease) flow into alveoli
(increase/decrease) *Palv (neg fdbck) |
|
Definition
INSPIRATORY MUSCLES CONTRACT
chest wall (expands)
(increase) pull on intrapleural fluid
(decrease) Pip
(increase) transpulmonary pressure
(increase) alveolar volume
(decrease) *Palv
(increase)(Patm - Palv)
(increase) flow into alveoli
(increase) *Palv (neg fdbck) |
|
|
Term
| Boyle's law is not strictly followed in the lungs because |
|
Definition
| the lungs are not an airtight container |
|
|
Term
| Intra-alveolar pressure is determined by (two things) |
|
Definition
| the quantity (moles) of air molecules and the volume of the alveoli themselves |
|
|
Term
| What kind of exercise is best for patients with COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
FVC
FEV1
FEV1/FVC (%) |
|
Definition
Normal FVC
Low FEV1
Very low FEV1/FVC (%) |
|
|
Term
RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
FVC
FEV1
FEV1/FVC (%) |
|
Definition
Low FVC
Normal FEV1
Very High FEV1/FVC (%) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation |
|
Definition
| pressure gradient and airway resistance |
|
|
Term
| Lung compliance definition and formula |
|
Definition
change in lung volume that results from a given change in transpulmonary pressure
(ΔV) / [Δ(Palv - Pip)] |
|
|
Term
| Larger lung compliance is (advantageous/disadvantageous) because |
|
Definition
| advantageous - it means a greater volume of air was brought in (ΔV) with a smaller change in transpulmonary pressure [Δ(Palv - Pip)] |
|
|
Term
| Lung compliance is determined by |
|
Definition
| elasticity of lungs and surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Film of water lining the alveoli (increases/decreases) surface tension, which (increases/decreases) lung compliance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is surfactant and what does it do to surface tension, lung compliance, and muscular work? |
|
Definition
| A detergent-like substance secreted by type II alveolar cells. Helps counter the effects of water in the alveoli; decreases surface tension, increases lung compliance, decreases mucular work. |
|
|
Term
| Is surfactant more concentrated in smaller or larger alveoli? Why is this necessary? |
|
Definition
| Smaller - smaller alveoli need more pressure inside to resist collapse, but since pressure is equal among all sizes of alveoli (no air flow b/t alveoli), the surfactant is able to lower surface tension working against the pressure, preventing collapse. |
|
|
Term
| With increased resistance, a (larger/smaller) pressure gradient produces the same flow rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting pulmonary resistance to air flow |
|
Definition
Changes in transpulmonary pressure (high resistance w expiration, low resistance w inspiration)
Bronchoconstriction vs bronchodilation (long term)
Mucous secretion |
|
|
Term
| During inspiration, transpulmonary pressure (increases/decreases) and resistance (increases/decreases). |
|
Definition
increases (because intrapleural pressure decreases more than intra-alveolar pressure)
decreases |
|
|
Term
| During expiration, transpulmonary pressure (increases/decreases) and resistance (increases/decreases). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tractive forces (increase/decrease) resistance and these forces are increased with (inspiration/expiration) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucous (increases/decreases) resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine causes increased resistance through |
|
Definition
| bronchoconstriction and mucous production (allergic reactions) |
|
|
Term
| Epinephrine released from the ________ during ________ stimulation causes broncho______ |
|
Definition
adrenal medulla
sympathetic
bronchodilation |
|
|
Term
| When CO2 levels are high, bronchioles ______ |
|
Definition
| dilate (important concept for ventilation-perfusion rate) |
|
|
Term
| Bronchonstriction/dilation are subject to which types of control? (instrinsic, extrinsic) |
|
Definition
| Both! Intrinsic (local chemical mediators histamine and CO2) and extrinsic (neural and humoral) |
|
|
Term
| Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases include |
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatories (steroids) and B2 adrenergic receptor agonists |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) |
|
Definition
Max amount of air that can be inspired after a resting expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume)
~ 3500mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Max volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration
~ 4500mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in a minute (VE = VT * RR) |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ventilation (VA) |
|
Definition
| The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute VA = (VT - DSV)* RR |
|
|
Term
| Dead space ventilation (DSV) |
|
Definition
| The volume of air that remains in the conducting zone (about 150 mL, varies by person) |
|
|
Term
| Functions of respiratory system (6) |
|
Definition
- acid/base balance
- vocalization
- defense against pathogens (cough/sneeze)
- route for water and heat loss
- enhacing venous return (resp pump)
- activating plasma proteins as they pass thru pulm circuit (angiotensin I -> lungs -> angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory membrane separates _____ from _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory membrance includes which layers/membranes? |
|
Definition
| alveolar epithelim, fused basement membrane, and capillary endothelium (.2μm) |
|
|
Term
| Factors contributing to fast gas exchange across respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
Thin respiratory membrane (min. barrier)
HUGE surface area (huge blood supply) |
|
|
Term
| The chest wall includes which structures? |
|
Definition
Rib cage
Sternum
Thoracic vertebrae
Connective tissue
Intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The air pressure necessary to prevent the collapse of an alveolus is differectly proportional to the surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius (big radius = less pressure needed to hold it open)
P = 2T/r |
|
|
Term
| Tidal volume (Vt) x Respiratory rate (RR) = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
